1. An Introduction to Sustainable Energy Systems: www.virlab.virginia.edu/Energy_class/Energy_class.htm Energy Statistics In this class I repeatedly cite energy facts and energy statistics By "energy fact" I mean scientific data E.G., the heat energy liberated per gram of carbon burned, which should change only if refined data are generated By "energy statistics" I mean things like annual U.S. energy consumption Which is constantly changing, and will have to be updated in these notes every year This "note set" is my attempt to manage such updates by recording in one place: - Statistics I currently use, their values, and their sources, - The lecture(s) in which they are cited

2. U.S. Electrical Power Production - Summary EIA 1990EIA 2011EIA 2012EIA 2014WP 2015EIA 2040 Coal 53%42%46%39%34%35% Natural Gas 13%25%20%27%20%30% Petroleum1%1% Nuclear 19%19%21%19%20%17% Hydro 7% Wind 4.4%5% Solar 0.4%1% Biomass1.7% Geothermal0.4% All Renewable11%13%13%(13%)16% Source of data for each column given in following pages

3. U.S. Electrical Power Production EIA 1990/2011/2040 = EIA - Annual Energy Outlook 2015 with projections to 2040: http://www.eia.gov/forecasts/aeo/er/pdf/0383er%282013%29.pdf Lecture(s): Carbon Fuels - Fossil, Biomass & Biofuel EIA 2014 = EIA - FAQs 2014: What is U.S. electricity generation by energy source: http://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.cfm?id=427&t=3 Lecture(s): Power Plant Land and Water Requirements WP 2015 = Washington Post, 2015 - Mapping how the United States generates its electricity: http://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/national/power-plants/ Original Source: "Washington Post analysis of Energy Information Administration" Lecture(s): Carbon Fuels - Fossil, Biomass & Biofuel (this lecture also includes the WP state by state data)

4. U.S. Electrical Power Production

5. EIA - Primary Energy Consumption by Source & Sector (2012) Source: www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/annual/pecss_diagram.cfm Lecture(s): Hydro and Wind Power Data for Electric Power Sector: Petroleum:1% Natural Gas:20% Coal:46% Renewable:13% Nuclear:21%

6. U.S. Renewable Electrical Power Production Breakdown of U.S. renewable energy sources in 2012 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_United_States Original source: www.eia.gov/electricity/data.cfm#generation Lecture(s): Hydro and Wind Power Hydroelectric:58% Wind:26.9% Biomass:11% Geothermal:3.2% Solar: 0.8% Combining this with 13% number for all renewable power in preceding EIA figure Hydro = 58% of 13% = 7.5% of total U.S. Power Wind power = 26.9% of 13% = 3.5% of total U.S. Power

7. U.S. Electrical Power Production

8. An Introduction to Sustainable Energy Systems: www.virlab.virginia.edu/Energy_class/Energy_class.htm Solar Cell Efficiency Records

9. An Introduction to Sustainable Energy Systems: www.virlab.virginia.edu/Energy_class/Energy_class.htm Levelized Cost of U.S. Energy EIA - Cost of New Generation Resources, Annual Energy Outlook 2015 Report: https://www.eia.gov/forecasts/aeo/pdf/electricity_generation.pdf My cached copies of recent reports: 2011 / 2012 / 2013 / 2014 / 2015 2011201220132014201520112012201320142015 Lecture(s): Economic Analysis Techniques and Results Carbon Fuels - Fossil, Biomass & Biofuels Carbon Fuels - Fossil, Biomass & Biofuels My Excel spreadsheet representation of such EIA data:

10. An Introduction to Sustainable Energy Systems: www.virlab.virginia.edu/Energy_class/Energy_class.htm Levelized Cost of U.S. Energy 2014 Lazard Levelized Costs of US Energy (version 8) Source: www.lazard.com/media/1777/levelized_cost_of_energy_-_version_80.pdf Lecture(s): Economic Analysis Techniques and Results

11. Bloomberg / World Energy Council - Cost of Energy Technologies 2013 Source: https://www.worldenergy.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/WEC_J1143_CostofTECHNOLOGIES_021013_WEB_Final.pdf Lecture(s): Economic Analysis Techniques and Results Plus breakdowns by: - Specific Technology - Location of deployment Levelized Cost of U.S. Energy

12. Levelized Cost of Grid Level Energy Storage ( in $/MW-h ): NREL - Hydrogen Energy Storage Analysis Overview Source: http://www.nrel.gov/hydrogen/pdfs/48360.pdf DOTY – Projection of Levelized Cost Benefit of Grid Scale Energy Storage Options Source: http://dotyenergy.com/PDFs/Doty-90377-Storage-ASME-ES10.pdf Lecture(s): Power Cycles and Energy Storage Storage TechnologyNREL 2010Doty 2010NREL ~ 2015 Pumped Storage Hydro130-18056130 Fuel Cell100-60051240-280 V redox battery220-500280 Adiabatic CAES100-165162100 Li ion battery167 Flywheel532 Lead Acid battery181 NaS battery220-320774250 NiCd battery480-1030830 Ultra Capacitors2910

13. U.S. Power Consumption EIA - Domestic production satisfies 84% of total U.S. energy demand in 2013 (below left): Source: http://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.cfm?id=16511&src=Total-b1 Lecture(s): Power Consumption – Transportation Power Consumption - Housing Power Consumption - Housing Thomasnet.com - The Damage Done - How Detrimental Is Petrol (above right) Source: http://news.thomasnet.com/IMT/2012/03/12/the-damage-done-gas-addiction-edition-how-detrimental-is-petrol Original data source: EIA Lecture(s): Power Consumption – Transportation Electrification of Transportation Electrification of Transportation

14. U.S. Power Consumption EPA - Light Duty Automotive Technology - Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Fuel Economy Trends - 1975 through 2014: Highlights: www.epa.gov/otaq/fetrends.htm Full Report: http://www3.epa.gov/fueleconomy/fetrends/1975-2014/420r14023a.pdf Lecture(s): Power Consumption – Transportation

15. U.S. Power Consumption EIA - Heating and cooling no longer majority of U.S. home energy use – 2009 Source: http://www.eia.gov/consumption/residential/ Lecture(s): Power Consumption – Housing

16. Climatology and Climate Change IPCC Fourth Assessment Report – Working Group 1 – 2007: "Climate Change 2007 – The Physical Science Basis" Source: https://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg1/ar4-wg1-frontmatter.pdf Lecture(s): Climatology and Climate Change

17. Climatology and Climate Change IPCC Fifth Assessment Report – Working Group 1 – 2013: "Climate Change 2007 – The Physical Science Basis" Source: https://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/wg1/WG1AR5_SummaryVolume_FINAL.pdf Lecture(s): Climatology and Climate Change

18. Climatology and Climate Change GRID Arendal - Historical trends in carbon dioxide concentrations and temperature, on a geological and recent time scale Source: http://www.grida.no/graphicslib/detail/historical-trends-in-carbon-dioxide-concentrations-and-temperature-on-a-geological-and-recent-time- scale_a210 Lecture(s): Climatology and Climate Change

19. Climatology and Climate Change National Research Council (Academies of Science and Engineering): America's Energy Choices Source: https://www.princeton.edu/mae/people/faculty/socolow/Americas-Climate-Choices.pdf Lecture(s): Climatology and Climate Change

20. Greenhouse Gas Emissions Cumulative annual worldwide and U.S. emissions during the 1990's: Source: Intro to Energy and the Environment – Edward S. Rubin (p. 40) Lecture(s): Greenhouse Effect, Carbon Footprints & Sequestration WorldUS CO 2 :Commercial Energy22,9005,250 \ Cement manufacturing and gas flaring1,00050 Tropical deforestation5,900- Total29,8005,300 CH 4 :Fossil fuel production100 Enteric fermentation85 Rice paddies60 Landfills40 Animal waste25 Sewage25 Total37511 N 2 O:Cultivated soils3.5 Industrial1.3 Biomass burning0.5 Cattle and feed lots0.4 Total5.70.5 Other:CPC-11, -12, -130.70.1 HCFC-220.20.1 HFCs, PFCs, SF60.34

21. Greenhouse Gas Emissions EPA Inventory of US Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks 1990-2012 (million metric tons CO 2 equivalent) Source: http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/Downloads/ghgemissions/US-GHG-Inventory-2014-Main-Text.pdf Lecture(s): Greenhouse Effect, Ccarbon Footprints & Sequestration 19902012 CO 2 :Fossil Fuel Combustion51085072 Electricity Generation47452023 Transportation14941740 Industrial845774 Residential338288 Commercial219197 Non-energy use of Fuels120110 Steel Production / Mining10054 Natural Gas Systems3835 Cement Production3335 Waste/Cropland burning1520 Ammonia Production139

22. (continuation of preceding table) 19902012 CH 4 :Enteric fermentations (a.k.a. flatulence)138141 Natural Gas Systems156130 Landfills148102 Coal Mining8156 Manure Management3253 Petroleum Systems3632 N 2 O:Agriculture soil management282306 Stationary Combustion1222 Manure Management1418 Mobile Construction4417 Nitric Acid Production1815

23. An Introduction to Sustainable Energy Systems: www.virlab.virginia.edu/Energy_class/Energy_class.htm "There are three kinds of lies: lies, damned lies and statistics" - Mark Twain

24. Credits / Acknowledgements Some materials used in this class were developed under a National Science Foundation "Research Initiation Grant in Engineering Education" (RIGEE). Other materials, including the "UVA Virtual Lab" science education website, were developed under even earlier NSF "Course, Curriculum and Laboratory Improvement" (CCLI) and "Nanoscience Undergraduate Education" (NUE) awards. This set of notes was authored by John C. Bean who also created all figures not explicitly credited above. Copyright John C. Bean (2015) (However, permission is granted for use by individual instructors in non-profit academic institutions) An Introduction to Sustainable Energy Systems: www.virlab.virginia.edu/Energy_class/Energy_class.htm