1. TEXT TYPE

2. TEXT TYPE RECOUNT NARRATIVE DESCRIPTIVE DISCUSSION REPORT NEWS ITEM
REVIEW
EXPOSITION (ANALYTICAL&HORTATORY)
EXPLANATION
PROCEDURE

3. NARRATIVE
Communicative Purpose
To amuse / entertain the readers.

4. NARRATIVE
Types of Narrative Text
Fairy tale
Myth
Legend
Fable

5. NARRATIVE Text Organization Orientation Complication Resolution
Re-orientation

6. A Countryman and a Snake
A countryman's son stepped on a snake's tail accidentally. The tail suddenly turned and hit him so that he died. The father was very angry so that he cut off part of the snake’s tail. Then, the snake in revenge stung several of the farmer's cattle. It caused him great loss. However, the farmer decided to stop the fight with the snake. He brought food and honey to the mouth of its lair, and said to it, "Let's forget and forgive. Perhaps you were right to punish my son, and take revenge on my cattle, but surely I was right in trying to revenge him. Now that we are both satisfied, why should not we be friends again?" "No, no," said the snake. "Take away your gifts. You can never forget the death of your son, nor I the loss of my tail. Injuries may be forgiven, but not forgotten.”

7. RECOUNT Communicative Purpose
To provide factual info / to give someone an account of event happened in the past.
To retell events for the purpose of informing or entertaining

8. RECOUNT Types of Recount Text - article - police report - news item
- historical accounts
- letters
- journals
- incident reports

9. RECOUNT Text Organization 1. Orientation (setting, character)
2. Events / sequence of events (tell what happened, in what sequence)
3. Re-orientation / Conclusion (optional closure of events)

10. RECOUNT Grammatical Features: - Action Verb (e.g. helped, walked)
- Adjective
- Connections to do with time and sequence (e.g. after that, before, then)
- Pronouns
- Punctuation
- Simple past tense
- Adverbs
- Compound and complex sentences

11. RECOUNT
Example:
I was driving along the coast road when the car suddenly lurched to one side.
At first, I thought a tyre had gone but then I saw telegraph poles collapsing like matchsticks. The rocks came tumbling across the road and I had to abandon the car.
When I got back to town, well, as I said there wasn’t much left.

12. DESCRIPTION

13. DESCRIPTION

14. DESCRIPTIVE Communicative Purpose
To describe a particular person, place, or thing

15. DESCRIPTIVE
Types of Descriptive Text
- autobiography
- magazine

16. DESCRIPTIVE Text Organization
1. Identification (what, where, or who is the subject being described)
2. Description (describes parts, qualities, characteristics)

17. DESCRIPTIVE Grammatical Features: - Adjective - Pronouns
- Verbs and verbs phrases
- Simple Past Tense
- Simple Present Tense
- Preposition
- Adverbs

18. DESCRIPTIVE
Example:
Natural Bridge National Park is a luscious tropical rainforest.
It is located 110 kilometers south of Brisbane and is reached by following the Pacific Highway to Nerang and then by traveling through the Numinbah Valley. This scenic roadway lies in the shadow of the Lamington National Park.
The phenomenon of the rock formed into a natural ‘arch’ and the cave through which a waterfall cascades is a short 1 kilometer walk below a dense rainforest canopy from the main picnic area. Swimming is permitted in the rock pools. Night-time visitors to the cave will discover the unique feature of the glow worms.
Picnic areas offer toilets, barbecues, shelter sheds, water and fireplaces; however, overnight camping is not permitted.

20. Compose your Description
Outline  approval on outline
First draft  Peer correction
Second draft  Teacher’s correction
Final draft

21. DISCUSSION Communicative Purpose
To present (at least) two points of view about an issue.

22. DISCUSSION Types of Discussion Text
Newspaper editorials, debates, thesis, journals.

23. DISCUSSION
Text Organization
Issue
Arguments for
Arguments against
Conclusion or recommendation

24. DISCUSSION
Example
Genetic research has produced both exciting and frightening possibilities. Scientists are now able to create new forms of life in the laboratory due to the development of gene splicing.
On one hand, the ability to create life in the laboratory could greatly benefit mankind. For example because it is very expensive to obtain insulin from natural sources, scientists have developed a method to manufacture it inexpensively in the laboratory.
Another beneficial application of gene splicing is in an agriculture. Scientists foresee the day when new plants will be developed using nitrogen from the air instead of from fertilizer. Therefore food production could be increased. In addition, entirely new plants could be developed to feed the world’s hungry people.

25. DISCUSSION
Not everyone is excited about gene splicing, however. Some people feel that it could have terrible consequences. A laboratory accident, for example, might cause an epidemic of an unknown disease that could wipe out humanity.
As a result of this controversy, the government has made rules to control genetic experiments. While some members of the scientific community feel that these rules are too strict, many other people feel that they are still not strict enough.

26. REPORT Communicative Purpose
To describe the way things are, with reference of a range of natural, man made and social phenomena in our environment. (To inform the reader of specific subject).

27. REPORT Types of Recount Text
Reference books, science reports, weather reports.

28. REPORT
Text Organization
1. General Classification
2. Description

29. REPORT
EXAMPLE Do you know what fungi are? Well, fungi are simple, plant-like organisms that grow up from the ground. There are more than 50,000 different types of fungi, including mushrooms and toadstools, yeasts and moulds. Fungi are not plants, you know. They have no chlorophyll with which to make food from the sun. They do not have leaves nor flowers. Fungi feed either from other plants and animals or from the dead matter that has rotted in the soil.

30. REPORT: PRESENTATION
Make a report about a fact/social phenomenon around us
The social phenomenon should be something not widely known
Create a presentation of 5 – 7 minutes describing the phenomenon above
Use AVA (slide, video, pictures, graph, etc)
Conduct a small research about it to get a data
Describe:
what is it?
how does it happen?
where/when does it happen?
is there any bad/good effects of the social phenomenon?
any interesting facts we should know about it?

31. NEWS ITEM Communicative Purpose
To inform the readers, listeners, or viewers about events of the day / important events that happen on a particular days.

32. NEWS ITEM Types of News Item Text
Newspaper, magazine, other informative articles.

33. NEWS ITEM Text Organization 1. Newsworthy event 2. Background events
3. Sources

34. NEWS ITEM
EXAMPLE
Jakarta: Freeport McMoran Copper & Co.Inc., the world’s second-largest copper producer had its maximum ore production in Indonesia cut 26 percent on environmental concerns.
“The government only approves a Freeport ore output this year of 220,000 tons a day to reduce the impact on the environment,” Witoro S. Soelarno, head of mine inspection at the Energy and Mineral Resources Ministry, said. “The previous limit was 300,000 tons a day, he said.
Phoenix-based Freeport produced on average 229,000 tons of copper and gold ore a day from its Grasberg mine in 2006.

35. REVIEW Communicative Purpose
To critique, evaluate, or analyze an art work (events, books, movies, etc) and make your point of view known.

36. REVIEW Types of Review Text
Magazines, editorials, newspaper editorials, websites, journals, etc.

37. REVIEW Text Organization 1. Orientation 2. Interpretive Recount
3. Evaluation
4. Evaluative Summation

38. REVIEW
EXAMPLE
This series is based on a true story of a girl named Aya Kito who was stricken by a cruel disease called Spinocerebellar Degeneration. This disease affects Aya’s nervous system and as the name suggests, it poses a degeneration of her movement, and will eventually affect her mobility, speech, and even her ability to eat. The theme of this series is very depressing but the overall tone is very heartwarming. Aya Kito’s diary was made into a best-selling book and the series follows her sufferings as she struggles to find hope, strength and courage to face such a devastating disease.

39. ANALYTICAL EXPOSITION
Communicative Purpose
To persuade readers or listeners that something is the case / to give a balanced argument to readers by looking a subject from many points of view.
Untuk memaparkan dan mempengaruhi pembaca bahwa ada masalah yang perlu mendapat perhatian

40. ANALYTICAL EXPOSITION
Types of Analytical Exposition Text
Newspapers, editorials, debates, speeches

41. ANALYTICAL EXPOSITION
Text Organization
1. Thesis (Statement of writer’s point of view)
2. Arguments (Points and Elaboration)
3. Reiteration (Restatement of writer’s position/point of view)

42. ANALYTICAL EXPOSITION
EXAMPLE
The Australia-Indonesia Youth Exchange Programme (AIYEP), which began in 1981, is beneficial for both young people of Indonesia and Australia, and the two countries themselves. This is so for a number of reasons.
First, the participants can get an opportunity for first-hand experience of living in and being an active part of another culture. Their experience is from a “rural stay”, in which the groups live in a village, and an “urban stay”, where they live in a town/city. In the two places they stay with host families.

43. ANALYTICAL EXPOSITION
Besides, they can develop their personality in teamwork and negotiating skills, leadership, confidence, adaptability, etc. This is so because they are given a chance to undertake a community-based work and social activities in the urban stay. Moreover, they can have practical experiences and the development of skill related to their academic studies or personal career paths. The experience can be obtained through undertaking work experience related to their chosen fields of study or expertise, wherever possible.

44. ANALYTICAL EXPOSITION
Not only for the participants, but the countries also get benefit from the program. It can contribute to a more stable and enduring relationship between Australia and Indonesia, increases people-to-people contacts and institutional links and can develop a greater understanding of present Australia-Indonesia relationships and possibilities for future cooperation and involvement. Thus, AIYEP has proven to be a fruitful program.

45. HORTATORY EXPOSITION Communicative Purpose
To persuade the readers that something SHOULD or SHOULD NOT be the case / to persuade the readers to agree with the writer.
Memaparkan dan mempengaruhi pembaca bahwa sesuatu seharusnya demikian atau tidak demikian.

46. HORTATORY EXPOSITION Type of Hortatory Exposition
Political speech, advertisements, newspaper editorials.

47. HORTATORY EXPOSITION Text Organization 1. Thesis 2. Arguments
3. Recommendation

48. HORTATORY EXPOSITION
EXAMPLE Home schooling is an education system which provides child’s main education program at home. Home schooling takes the place of full-time school attendance and, in the United States and Canada, it usually meets state requirements for compulsory education. Although home schooling could achieve the objectives of compulsory education, there are some points that should be noticed from the home schooling.

49. HORTATORY EXPOSITION
First, the idea of taking our children’s education on home schooling can be a bit intimidating. Since our country is so large and the people are from so many different kinds of backgrounds, students need some kind of social glue to make them stick together and to give them a sense of unity in spite of all the differences. They will not get such a unity when they are in home schooling. They will get the sense of unity when they are in the compulsory public schools since it is the easiest and best places to make this glue.

50. HORTATORY EXPOSITION
Then, the home schooling may not be able to prepare children to fit into the mass society, which means, among other things, believing what most people believe and liking what most people like. Or it may not be able to help children to find a set of values with which they could resist and reject at least many of the values of the mass society. Recognizing the lack of home schooling in the case of children’s socialization opportunity, we should afford them abundant social opportunities. We can have active home school support groups. We can hold ongoing park days, meetings at the zoo, the science museum, book clubs, history clubs, language clubs, home school scouting troops and many more options to provide them opportunities to socialize with others.

51. EXPLANATION Communicative Purpose
To enable the reader to understand the process that is being explained.

52. EXPLANATION Types of Explanation Text
- Reports about natural phenomenon
- Text book
- Articles on scientific inventions
- Documentaries films

53. EXPLANATION Text Organization 1. General statement
General statement about the subject about to be explained.
2. Explanation
Explanation statements which are ordered chronologically to illustrate how/why the subject came into existence OR how it works.

54. EXPLANATION Grammatical Features Simple present tense (current facts)
Simple Past Tense (Historical facts)
Passive voice
Pronouns
Punctuation
Connectors
Adverbs
Adjectives
Nouns

55. EXPLANATION
EXAMPLE
The amount of water on Earth remains constant, but it is continually moving around the Earth and its atmosphere in a process called the water cycle. It exists as an invisible gas in the air.
When the Sun heats up water in rivers, lakes and seas, it changes from a liquid into a gas called water vapor. This process is known as evaporation. As the water vapor rises into the atmosphere, it cools and condenses and forms clouds. As the cloud droplets move around, they collide with each other and grow bigger. When they are heavy enough, they fall as rain, and the water flows back into rivers, lakes, and seas

56. PROCEDURE Communicative Purpose
To tell or record in sequential order the steps taken to do or make something.

57. PROCEDURE Types of Procedure Text Recipe Instruction manual
Science experiment

58. PROCEDURE Text Organization
1. Goal (opening statement with an objective)
2. Materials (not required for all procedural text)
3. Steps (a series of steps listed in the order)

59. PROCEDURE Grammatical Features Adjective
Connectors to do with sequence
Quantifiers
Simple Present Tense
Verb (Imperative)
Nouns

60. PROCEDURE
EXAMPLE THE HOLE GAME Materials needed: Two players One marble per person A hole in ground A line (distance) to start from

61. PROCEDURE Method: 1. First, you must dub (click marbles together)
2. Then you must check that the marbles are in good condition and are nearly worth the same value.
3. Next you must dig a hole in the ground and draw a line a fair distance away from the hole.
4. The first player carefully throws his or her marble towards the hole.
5. Then the second player tries to throw his or her marble closer to the hole than his or her opponent.
6. The player whose marble is closest to the hole tries to flick his or her marble into the hole. If successful, this player tries to flick his or her opponent’s marble into the hole.