1. Speed ( ) is the distance an object travels divided by the time to travel that distance. In other words –Speed is a scalar quantity (no direction). These two ski gondolas have the same speed but have different velocities since they are travelling in opposite directions. Ch. 8.2 Average Velocity

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3. Velocity ( ) is the displacement of an object divided by the time interval. In other words Velocity describes how fast an object’s position is changing. Velocity is a vector quantity (direction). The units for velocity and speed are metres per second (m/s).

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5. Calculating the Slope of the Position-Time Graph To learn more about velocity, we must now understand straight line graphs. The slope of a graph is represented by –rise = change in y-axis –run = change in x-axis

6. Finding the Slope of a Line 1.Pick two points on the grid. 2. Make a triangle 3. 4. Units = metres/second So slope = 36.4 m/s 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 500 400 300 200 100 Position (m) Time (s) 11 400

7. Position – Time Graph On a position-time graph the slope is the change in position ( ) divided by the change in time ( ).

8. Example Which jogger’s motion has a greater slope? Which jogger is moving faster? What is the slope of each line? What is each jogger’s ?

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10. Average Velocity Usually, objects do not move at a perfectly constant speed. For this reason, we often use “average velocity” in our calculations. The slope of a position-time graph is the object’s average velocity ( ). Average velocity is the rate of change in position for a time interval.

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12. Remember, (average velocity), is a vector and we must therefore always include a direction. If we were to discuss, (average speed), we do not need to include direction, because speed is a scalar.

13. On a position-time graph if “forward” is given a positive direction: A positive slope means that the object’s average velocity is forward. A negative slope means that the object’s average velocity is backwards. Zero slope means the object’s average velocity is zero.

14. Step Three: Insert values into equation Solution Step One: Write out known values. Step Two: Write down equation.Step Four: Calculate answer. The relationship between average velocity, displacement, and time is given by: Example 1 1.What is the average velocity of a dog that takes 4.0 s to run forward 14 m? Calculating Average Velocity

15. Solution Step One: Write out known values. Step Two: Write down equation.Step Three: Insert values into equation 1.A boat travels 280 m East in a time of 120 s. What is the boat’s average velocity? Step Four: Calculate answer. Example 2

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17. Step Four: Calculate answer.Step Three: Insert values into equation Solution Step One: Write out known values. Step Two: Write down equation. Example 3 1.What is the displacement of a bicycle that travels 8.0 m/s [N] for 15 s?

18. Example 4 Solve this problem on your own, using the same steps. 4.A person, originally at the starting line, runs west at 6.5 m/s. What is the runner’s displacement after 12 s? Answer: 78 m West

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20. Calculating Time Use the last equation to solve the following: 1.How long would it take a cat walking north at 0.80 m/s to travel 12 m north? Solution: 2.A car is driving forward at 15 m/s. How long would it take this car to pass through an intersection that is 11 m long? Solution:

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22. Converting between m/s and km/h To convert from km/h to m/s –Change km to m: 1 km = 1000 m –Change h to s: 1 h = 3600 s Therefore multiply by 1000 and divide by 3600 or Divide the speed in km/h by 3.6 to obtain the speed in m/s. For example, convert 75 km/h to m/s.

23. Try the following unit conversion problems yourself. 1.Convert 95 km/h to m/s. 95 km X 1000m X 1hr 1hr 1km 3600s 2.A truck’s displacement is 45 km north after driving for 1.3 hours. What was the truck’s average velocity in km/h & m/s? 3.What is the displacement of an airplane flying 480 km/h [E] during a 5.0 min time interval? d = 480 km X.083 hr hr Vav = 45km 1.3hr Converting between m/s and km/h Take the Section 8.2 Quiz = 26 m/s = 35 km/h N or 9.6 m/s N 40 km [E] or 40, 000 m [E]

24. Provincial Exam Question Take the Section 8.2 Quiz