2.  71 year-old female with history mitral insufficiency had mitral valve repair about one month prior to presentation. She was transferred from rehabilitation facility to hospital with persistent lethargy and failure to thrive after the surgery.  Her physical exam is significant for asterixis  Her laboratory tests are significant for elevated ammonia level at 162 umoles/l

3.  Past medical history is significant for: Multiple episodes of mitral valve endocarditis resulting in mitral valvular insufficiency. Bicuspid aortic valve with aortic valvular stenosis Patient has had history of multiple infections and pneumonias of unclear etiology. Patients family reported an incidentally found “liver abnormality” which was deemed asymptomatic on a CT from a few years ago. Patient had no reported episodes of encephalopathy prior  Past Surgical History significant for Aortic valve repair Mitral valve repair one month before presentation

4. The arrow indicates the patient’s severely atretic portal vein. The drainage of the normal sized superior mesenteric vein (star) is mainly via the large splenorenal shunt, indicated by the arrow head.

5. The arrow indicates the patient’s superior mesenteric vein, which drains via the large splenorenal shunt (arrow head) from the confluence of the splenic and superior mesenteric vein (arrow). The portal vein is atretic, as demonstrated by the previous images.

6.  This 71 year woman had a congenital portosystemic shunt which was compensated before heart surgery and essentially asymptomatic. The right heart failure served as a point of resistance for the portosystemic shunt forcing more blood into the diminutive portal vein. Following mitral valve repair, the right heart pressures decreased, allowing more blood flow through the shunt resulting in increased portosystemic shunting and symptoms of encephalopathy. Diagnosis: Hepatic encephalopathy in a patient with congenital portosystemic shunt (Abernathy Malformation) onset by mitral valve annuloplasty

7. Above: Venography through the SMV demonstrates preferential flow through the shunt with little antegrade flow through a diminutive portal vein (PV) (arrow). Intravascular US showed the smallest caliber of the shunt vein to be 14mm in diameter Below: It was felt that if the shunt was occluded abruptly, the small PV would not be adequate to take all of the splanchnic flow and reducing flow in the shunt would be more prudent. A a 16 x 60mm Wallstent which was constricted with a suture (arrow) was and deployed within the shunt to make a landing zone for a PTFE covered device that will restrict flow.

8. Figure a.Figure b. *

9. After: cLoseup of stent  following the narrowing of the shunt, the patient’s ammonia level decreased to 43 umoles/l (from 162 umoles/l) and the patient became alert with resolution of symptoms. Arrow indicates the inner 10mm x 38mm PTFE covered balloon- mounted stent Arrow head indicates outer a 16 x 60mm Wallstent Before:

10.  Rare congenital anomaly of the splanchnic vasculature, Common in dogs (Yorkshire terriers) extremely uncommon in humans.  From defects in vitelline vein formation, two types described. Type I (females) absent or atretic portal vein with diversion of portal blood into systemic circulation; end to side shunts. Often associated with other abnormalities, ie VSD, aortic arch defects.  type Ia : separate drainage of the superior mesenteric and splenic veins into systemic veins.  type Ib : superior mesenteric and splenic veins join to form a short extra-hepatic portal vein which drains into a systemic vein. Type II (males): hypoplastic portal vein with portal blood diversion into the vena cava through a side-to-side, extrahepatic communication.

11.  Abernathy Malformation:  Congenital anomaly of the splanchnic vasculature, Common in dogs (Yorkshire terriers) extremely uncommon in humans.  From defects in vitelline vein formation, two types described. Type I (females) absent or atretic portal vein with diversion of portal blood into systemic circulation; end to side shunts. Often associated with other abnormalities, ie VSD, aortic arch defects.  type Ia : separate drainage of the superior mesenteric and splenic veins into systemic veins.  type Ib : superior mesenteric and splenic veins join to form a short extra-hepatic portal vein which drains into a systemic vein. Type II (males): there is a hypoplastic portal vein with portal blood diversion into the vena cava through a side-to-side, extrahepatic communication. 

12. Q1: When comparing the images pre and post stenting, what is the most noticeable change in the vasculature and what are post procedural sequelea that need to be observed for? Q2: How is hepatic encephalopathy usually treated? A2: Patients with encephalopathy should reduce protein in the diet to lower ammonia production. Lactulose may be given to prevent intestinal bacteria from creating ammonia, and as a laxative to remove blood from the intestines. Neomycin and Rifaximin, a new antibiotic, are also effective in hepatic What physical exam finding is characteristic of encephalopathy? Answer: Asterixis, a flapping tremor of the hand when the wrists are extended. The tremor is caused by abnormal function of the diencephalic motor centers in the brain, which regulate the muscles involved in maintaining position. A 1: The most noticeable difference is increased blood flow into the diminutive PV likely raising portal pressures. Sequelea of portal hypertension such as varicies or ascites should be observed for in this patient. Pre stentPost stent