1. Lesson 5 Cell death, Mutation, Cancer cell

2. Cell typesAverage life span Brain30-50 years Red blood120 days Stomach lining2 days Liver200 days Intestine lining3 days Skin20 days A. Cells do not keep on dividing

3. B- Cell death (=apoptosis) B1. What can cause a cell to die? B2. Factors such as harmful radiations, starvation, toxic chemicals, or viral infection can lead to cell death B3. When cell needs to die, suicide proteins get made to trigger the break down of cellular content

4. C- Benefits of cell death C1. Apoptosis helps sculpture the physical appearance of organs C2. Also when a cell dies, its materials can be packaged and transported to other cells for reuse. C3. Macrophage are cells that will clean up cellular debris after a cell dies

5. D-Mutation D1. Mutation occurs when bases of DNA are paired up incorrectly (that is G not pair up with C or A not with T) or the order of any base pair on gene is disrupted D2. Mutations occur naturally or can be induced D3. What causes mutation? - Mutagens (=mutation causing agents) - examples: UV radiation, toxic chemicals (PCBs, asbestos…)

6. E- Mutation AdvantageDisadvantage E3. Create new proteins helps organism adapt to changes in environment e.g. E4. E.coli gain antibiotic resistance after mutation E5. Long-neck giraffe can obtain food high above and outlive the short-necked ones. E6. Damage the gene that codes for important proteins needed for cell growth E7. Causing many genetic disorders e.g. PKU, lactose intolerance, sickle cell anemia E1. Mutations are not necessarily a bad thing E2. When mutation is beneficial/disadvantageous?

7. F- Mutation examples: Albinism (albino) F1. Is the mutation that causes albinism in these animals beneficial to them? F2. It depends on their environment (e.g. in the wilderness vs. in the zoo)

8. G- Cancer cell G1. Cancer cells are mutated cells that divide repeatedly and excessively. They can spread to other body parts G2. Tumour = group of cells that divide excessively G3. Why cancer cells not desirable? http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Risk Breast cancer tumour G4. Because cancer cells take space and nutrients away from normal healthy cells

9. H- What causes Cancer? H1. Factors/chemicals cause cancer are called carcinogen. Include: smoking, acrylamide (in chips, fried potatoes) aspartame, asbestos, benzene,… H2. Cancer is a complex disease whose causes have not been finalized H3. Staying away from carcinogens is the best prevention (but can we always?) H4. New cancer causes are updated all the time H5. We still have lots of research to do to find a cure

10. http://www.colorectal- cancer.ca/en/just-the- facts/symptoms/ I1.Breast cancer   I2. Colon cancer I – Examples of cancer types

11. I3- Which is the healthy lung? Which cancerous? I4. HealthyI5. Cancerous

12. J- What are some cancer treatments available out there? J1. Surgery (cutting of cancer infected cell/ organ parts) J2. Radiation therapy (use light to kill cancer cells) J3. Chemotherapy (use drug to kill cancer) J4. Hormone therapy http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/treatment/types-of- treatment

13. K. Does this patient have cancer? # of Days Normal cells Patient sample 1522 3046 45810 601630 753292 9064180 Your lab got an order from a doctor to culture a patient cell sample and see if the patient has cancer. He also gave you a normal cell sample for comparison K 1. What will you report back to the doctor?

14. L- Report L1. Conclusion: Because the rate of cell doubling is far exceeded in the patient’s cell sample, the patient is likely having cancer

15. M - End of chapter 1 homework Page 52 &53: Questions 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 22, 27, 29