1. Bands Tribes Ethnically homogeneous Ethnically homogeneous
Egalitarian Egalitarian (some gender disparity)
No central authority No central authority
Acephalous Village headman
Reciprocal exchange (generalized) Reciprocal exchange (balanced)
Kin-based organization Kin-based organization
Bilateral Unilineal
Social unit = family or band Lineages, clans, age grades
Families, groups of Groups of 100s-1000s
Use rights Use rights
Foraging Horticulture & Pastoralism
Nomadic Semipermanent villages
Overlapping gender roles Greater gender division of labor
Warfare rare Inter-village/tribal conflicts
No larger integration among groups Pan-tribal mechanisms

2. Horticultural Tribal Societies
Pastoral Tribal Societies

3. Chiefdoms Permanently allied communities Recognized leader(s)
Larger populations
More complex, formal, centralized
Hereditary ranks
Ascribed status
Chiefly (nobles/elites) & non-chiefly (commoner) lineages
Differences in prestige, privilege, sometimes power
Elite lineage (rank) endogamy
Redistributive economies

4. Chiefs Chiefs have more authority, & sometimes power and wealth
Regulate production & redistribution
Distribute land
Settle disputes, punish
Recruit workers and soldiers
Ascribed status
Rank is ascribed
Power, prestige, wealth partly achieved
E.g. Trobriands – yam cultivation, Kula Ring, feasts
Supernatural powers
Chiefship is an ‘office’ that must be filled
Imposed by colonial powers

5. Women in Chiefdoms Women chiefs in West Africa Women’s political roles
Ashanti of Ghana
Edo of Nigeria
Yoruba Iyalode of Nigeria
Women’s political roles
Economic contribution
Kinship system
Iroquois vs. Cheyenne
Colonial & missionary intervention

6. Big-Man (& Woman) Systems
Between tribe & chiefdom
Kawelka, Kaoka
Horticulture
Redistribution – feasts
Following in several villages
Regulatory responsibilities
Achieved status
Hard work & charisma
Big-women
E.g., Vanatinai
Changes with colonization
Big Man Chief
Uses influence Wields power
Individually achieved Inherited
Temporarily held Lifetime tenure

7. States Most formal, complex Stratified (3 or more strata)
Membership based on residence & citizenship
Centralized
Coercive power
Unequal distribution of resources
Social stratification: Castes and Classes
Elite control
Bureaucratic
Hierarchical power and responsibilities
Permanent institutions
Legislative, Administrative, Judicial
Forms
City-state
Empire
Traditional
Theocratic
Nation-state

8. Rise of the State
First intensive agricultural societies 5,500 years ago
Mesopotamia (Iraq), China, India, Egypt, Central & So America
Full-time political and administrative roles
Other political structures incorporated in states

9. General Theories of Why States Developed
Demographic:
Population density  need for central control
Economic:
Increased food surpluses  support ruling class
Political:
Manage increased competition for land and food

10. Theories of Why States Developed in Certain Areas
Voluntaristic
Benefits
Stability, safety, rights protection, settling disputes
V. Gordon Childe
Result of intensive agriculture & technology
Increased specialization
Required integration, protection
Karl Witfogel
Hydraulic theory
Arid & semiarid areas needed large-scale irrigation
Small farmers gave up autonomy to get water
Problem: states came before large-scale irrigation

11. Theories of Why States Developed in Certain Areas
Coercive
Robert Carneiro
Geographical circumscription
Peruvian coastal valleys
Nowhere to expand
Warfare  conquest  centralization  Inca empire
Nile Valley, Mesopotamia, Indus Valley
Multi-causal theories

12. Powers of the State Authority Powers Census systems Taxation
Exclusive right to use force
Ideology
Powers
Define citizenship, rights, responsibilities
Monopoly on use of force
Recruit labor
Maintain standing armies & police
Census systems
Taxation
Labor
Percentage of crop
Cash

13. Powers of the State Manipulate information Internet and democracy
Censorship
Restricted access
Propaganda
Control media
Internet and democracy
Campaign contributions
Politicians revealed
Blogs
Demonstrations
Police actions
Wikileaks
“Hacktivists”
Internet Censorship
Pink – Pervasive
Light Pink – Substantial
Light Yellow – Selective
Yellow – Changing situation
Green – Little or No, but other forms

14. E. Service M. Fried C. Polanyi Subsistence Ethnographic Social
Polit Org Society Type Exchange Strategy Example Status
Bands egalitarian reciprocity foraging Ju/’hoansi, Inuit Achieved
Tribes egalitarian reciprocity horticult/pastoral Yanomamö, Nuer Achieved
(Big-man) (egalitarian) (redistribution) horticulture Kawelka, Kaoka Achieved
Chiefdoms ranked redistribution agriculture Hawaiian, Trobriands Ascribed
States stratified market exch intens ag/indust Inca, Egypt, U.S., India Both