Chemistry Review Section 2.1 and 2.2.

Chemistry Review Section 2.1 and 2.2

‘chemistry’ in LIFE A-lkaline, alkaline earth, atoms, atomic number, atomic mass, actinoid, Anions B-oron, basic, bonds, BOHR C-ombine, chemical reaction, chemical bonds, chart, covalent bonds, compounds, Cations D-ioxide, ‘di’atomic, Dalton E-lectrons, electron cloud, elements F-lorine, flora carbons, family G-roup, gold H-ydrogen, hydrogen bonds I-ons, ionic bond, ISOTOPE J- Iodine K-Potassium L-itium, lanthanoid M-etals, magnesium, mercury, Mendeleev, molecule, metalloids N-eutrons, negative, nucleus, noble gases, neutral, non-metals, neon, nitrogen O-xygen, oxide, oxygen group, oxidation, P-eriodic table, protrons, positive, period Q- Quark R-ow, radio active, Rutherford, S-odium, silicone, ‘shell’, symbol T-itanium, transition metals , Thompson U-ranium V-alence W- Tungsten X-enon Y- Yttrium Z-inc, zigzag

Keystone AnChORS BIO.A Describe the unique properties of water and how these properties support life on Earth (e.g., freezing point, high specific heat, cohesion).

Vocabulary Atom Proton Neutron Electron Ionic Bond Covalent Bond
Hydrogen Bond Molecule CHOPSN Cohesion Adhesion Specific heat Acid Base Solute Solvent

Section 2.1 Atoms, Ions, and Molecules--Objectives
Living things consist of atoms of different elements Ions form when atoms gain or lose electrons Atoms share pairs of electrons in covalent bonds

Type I Response Box 1 List as many ‘points’ that pop into your head when you see this table. DO NOT LIST INDIVIDUAL ELEMENTS OR SPECIFIC NUMBERS.

The atom The is the smallest basic unit of matter atom
Atoms are teeny tiny atom How Small Are Atoms?

The atom There are three parts of a an atom proton neutron electron
Subatomic particle Charge Location _________ Positive Nucleus Neutral Negative Surrounding nucleus proton neutron electron

Elements An is one particular type of , and it cannot be broken down into a simpler substance by ordinary chemical means Gold Aluminum Helium element atom

Key Elements CHOPSN In biology, there are SIX very important elements
________ Hydrogen _________ Phosphorus Sulfur carbon CHOPSN oxygen nitrogen ELEMENTS OF LIFE

How are elements different
WHICH ELEMENT IS IT? How are elements different The number of protons determines the of an element Carbon: 6 protons Oxygen: 8 protons The number of determines the property of an element Carbon: 6 electrons, 4 on OUTSIDE Oxygen: 8 electrons, 6 on OUTSIDE identity HOW DOES IT ACT? electrons

Response Box 2 Type I DRAW THE DIAGRAM AND FOLLOW THE DIRECTIONS BELOW. Label the diagram with Protons Neutrons Electrons Then, determine the name of the element by writing the name ABOVE the diagram. In at least two sentences, describe how you determined the identity of the atom. Electrons(-) Neutrons Protons(+)

Lonely Atoms Atoms rarely are found alone in nature
They will do ANYTHING to get to electrons on the outside Steal Dump Share 8

Are these atoms happy? The atoms shown are in their neutral state… 1) Determine the name of each atom and write its name on the line provided. 2) Determine if the valance layer of each atom is full. Yes for full / no for not full ARGON HELIUM OXYGEN ________________ ________________ ________________ Yes / No Yes / No Yes / No SODIUM ALUMINUM NEON ________________ ________________ ________________ Yes / No Yes / No Yes / No

C H O N Type I Response Box 3
Think about the 4 elements that make up the MAJORITY of living things. List them and then describe how likely they are to bond with other elements. (Are they likely to give electrons away or take them from other elements?) C H O N 4 valence electrons. Likely to bond in a VARIETY of ways 1 valence electrons. Likely to bond or ‘dump’ electron 6 valence electrons. Likely to bond to gain 2 electrons 5 valence electrons. Likely to bond to gain 3 electrons

Compounds A compound is a substance made of atoms of different bonded together Result of sharing, stealing, or dumping electrons Atoms bonded in a specific ratio elements

Neutron, Atom, Electron, Proton, Compound, Element,
Response Box 4 Type I Organize the parts from smallest to largest Neutron, Atom, Electron, Proton, Compound, Element, Electron, Proton/Neutron, Atom, Element, Compound

Carbon Compounds Carbon can form many various __________ to form bonds
Carbohydrates Proteins Nucleic acids Lipids bonds Crash Course - Carbon

Ionic Bond __________________ are formed through the electrical force between oppositely charged ions Opposites attract! Ex: Salt aka sodium chloride (NaCl) Positive sodium (Na+) Negative chloride (Cl-) Ionic bonds

Ions Ions are atoms that have gained or lost one or more .
Results in a change in electrical charge Gain e becomes ________________ Lose e becomes ________________ electrons negative positive

Covalent Bond Not all atoms easily gain or lose their electrons!
Some atoms ___________ their electrons instead! _____________ Bond: forms when atoms share a pair of electrons Usually a very strong bond Atoms may have several covalent bonds to share several electrons share Covalent

Covalent Bond, cont. Molecule: two or more atoms held together by bonds Ex: carbon dioxide (CO2) Carbon atoms needs 4 electrons to fill outer level, oxygen needs two Carbon shares with 2 oxygen! covalent

Ionic Bonds Covalent Bonds

Word Bank for Venn Diagram
Created by electrons Dump/Steal Electrons Share Electrons Fill out shell Change Chemical Properties Stronger Bonds CO H2O Both are Bonds Opposites attract NaCl Not as Strong as Covalent Form Compounds

Ionic Bonds Covalent Bonds
Created by electrons Dump/Steal Electrons Share Electrons Fill out shell Opposites attract Both are Bonds CO H2O NaCl Form Compounds Stronger Bonds Not as Strong as Covalent Change Chemical Properties

SECTION 2.1 REVIEW What distinguishes one element from another?
2. Describe the formation of an ionic compound. 3. What is the difference between and ionic bond and a covalent bond? 4. How does a molecule differ from an atom?

Section 2.2 Properties of Water--Objectives
Life depends on hydrogen bonds in water. Many compounds dissolve in water. Some compounds form acids or bases. Crash Course - Water

THE IMPORTANCE OF WATER
CELLS Organisms’ bodies, (their _____________), are made up of mostly ____________________ The water in cells gives the cell _______________ and ___________________ materials within organisms. All of the processes necessary for an organism’s life take place within the ______________________________ of the cell WATER STRUCTURE TRANSPORTS WATERY ENVIRONMENT

PROPERTIES RELATED TO HYDROGEN BONDS ______________________
HIGH SPECIFIC HEAT 2. COHESION 3. ADHESION ______________________ 2. ______________________ 3. ______________________

Polarity Makes Water Behave Strangely
HYDROGEN BONDS Negative Charge POLAR O Water is a “______________” molecule Form when atoms in a molecule have ____________ pulls on the _____________ they share. Opposite charges of polar molecules can interact to form ____________________ bonds. An attraction between a slightly _______________ hydrogen atom and a slightly ______________ atom. (Usually _______________________________) Hydrogen bonds are part of the structures of _______________ and of ______________ UNEQUAL ELECTRONS H H Positive Charge Positive Charge HYDROGEN Ted - water Shared Electrons POSITIVE NEGATIVE OXYGEN OR NITROGEN PROTEINS DNA Polarity Makes Water Behave Strangely

HIGH SPECIFIC HEAT HIGH SPECIFIC HEAT
Hydrogen bonds give water an abnormally ____________________________. Water __________________ changes in temperature because it must _____________ more ____________________ to increase in temperature. RESISTS Absorb heat energy

COHESION Cohesion: the attraction among __________________ of the same substance. Cohesion from hydrogen bonds makes water molecules _____________________. Cohesion produces __________________, ( “skin on water” ) MOLECULES STICK TOGETHER SURFACE TENSION

Capillary Action ADHESION Adhesion: the attraction among __________________ of ______________ substances. For example, water molecules stick to other things. Water in a test tube, (water is attracted to the ____________) MOLECULES DIFFERENT ? GLASS

Type ii How does water get to the leaves in the tops of the tallest trees against the force of gravity. Be sure to describe the type of molecules involved and name ALL of the properties of water that allow this phenomenon to occur. CAPILLARY ACTION is the process where water climbs up plants against gravity due to the cohesive and adhesive properties of water. Water is a polar molecule, meaning it has opposite charges at the molecule’s poles. In the ground, water ‘clumps’ together because the water molecules are attracted to each other because of their opposite charges. This attraction is known as COHESION. The bonds that are formed between polar molecules are called HYDROGEN BONDS. Water is also attracted to the cells of the plants because the plant cells are polar as well. The attraction between two different molecules, (water and plant), is called ADHESION. Once again, hydrogen bonds are formed between the plant cells and the water molecules. Hence, the water ‘climbs’ up the plant because of the attraction to the plant cells and water ‘flows’ up the tree because the hydrogen bonds between the water molecules ‘pull’ each other up the plant until they escape the leaves through evaporation,

Universal Solvent Water is called the "universal solvent" because it dissolves more substances than any other liquid. This means that wherever water goes, either through the ground, the air, or THROUGH OUR BODIES, it takes along valuable chemicals, minerals, and nutrients. WHY? __________________________________________ IT’S POLARITY EXAMPLE: The kidneys are responsible for filtering out substances that enter our bodies from the foods and drinks we consume. The kidneys rid our bodies of these substances because water washes through the kidneys and dissolves these un-needed/toxic substances-sending them out of our bodies. What needs to be dissolved in the body? Sugar Salt Food

TYPE I Describe the 3 unique properties of water and how they support life on Earth.

MOLECULES DISSOLVE IN WATER
Materials such as ________________ and ____________ cannot be transported form one part of an organism to another unless they are dissolved in blood, plant sap, or other water based fluids. ______________: Mixture of a substance that is the same throughout. ___________: Substance that is present in the greater amount and dissolves another substance. ___________: Substance that dissolves in a solvent. MOLECULES DISSOLVE IN WATER SUGARS OXYGEN SOLUTION SOLVENT SOLUTE

Understanding Acids and Bases
Some compounds form ______________ or _____________ because they _______________ into _______________ when they dissolve in ___________. BASE: Compounds that release OH- ions from a solution ACIDS BASES BREAK UP IONS WATER ACID: Compounds that release a proton a hydrogen ion(H+) – when it dissolves in water Understanding Acids and Bases

TYPE I Draw 5 molecules of water.
Show-with labels-the charges and hydrogen bonds between molecules In your drawing, demonstrate why one side is positive and the other is negative.

SECTION 2.2 REVIEW How do polar molecules form hydrogen bonds?
2. What determines whether a compound will dissolve in water? 3. Compare acids and bases. 4. How do polar molecules differ from non-polar molecules? How does this difference affect their interactions? 5. Describe an example of cohesion or adhesion that you might observe during your daily life.

How do we get to “macro” in macromolecules?
A detailed look at the process of polymerization

Keystone AnChORS BIO.A Explain how carbon is uniquely suited to form biological macromolecules. BIO.A Describe how biological macromolecules form from monomers. BIO.A Compare the structure and function of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids in organisms BIO.A Describe the role of an enzyme as a catalyst in regulating a specific biochemical reaction. BIO.A Explain how factors such as pH, temperature, and concentration levels can affect enzyme function

Vocabulary ATP Monomer Carbohydrates Nucleic acid Catalyst Polymer
Dehydration synthesis Hydrolysis lipid Monomer Nucleic acid Polymer Polymerization Product Protein Reactant

THE PROCESS OF FORMING A MACROMOLECULE
CARBOHYDRATES CARBON WATER CH2O THE PROCESS OF FORMING A MACROMOLECULE “POLYMER”

THE PROCESS OF FORMING A MACROMOLECULE
POLYMERIZATION MANY PROCESS THE PROCESS OF FORMING A MACROMOLECULE “POLYMER”

DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS
UNDO WATER PROCESS PUT TOGETHER THE PROCESS OF FORMING A MACROMOLECULE “POLYMER”

Vocabulary Monomer- one molecule Nucleic acid- genetic information
Polymer- many molecules, (macromolecules) Polymerization- process of taking monomers and making polymers Product- outcome/result of a chemical reaction Protein- polymer made up of amino acids Reactant- parts involved in a chemical reaction ATP- ENERGY molecule needed by body cells Carbohydrates-molecules made up carbon, hydrogen, oxygen (hydrates) Catalyst- start chemical reactions and lowers the amount of energy needed to initiate reaction Dehydration synthesis- putting something together by removing water Hydrolysis- pulling something apart by adding water Lipid- fatty molecule

Polymerization Several step process polymers monomers
Building large molecules (_________) from smaller ones (__________) monomers Several step process ALL KINDS OF POLYMERS

POLYMER OR MONOMER Polymer or Monomer?

Step 1: Get two monomers glucose Both are _____________

Step 2: Bring them _____ together

Step 3: Add an enzyme enzyme

Step 3 enzyme Dehydration synthesis
This __________ carries out a reaction between the two monomers Dehydration synthesis ___________ ___________: Joins two molecules together by REMOVING _______ AKA: condensation reaction water

Step 4: Bye Water! H2O ________

Step 5: A Dimer! two REMEMBER, DIMER MEANS ________!

Step 6: Lather, Rinse, Repeat
The enzyme can carry out numerous dehydration synthesis reactions until a macro ___________ is created EX: ______________ molecule starch Each one of these monomers is ___________ glucose Dehydration Synthesis Play-by-Play

Is this reversible? You better believe it!

Reversing Polymerization
hydrolysis Process called ____________. hydro “ __________” means water “ __________” means to split or loosen lysis adding This enzyme works by _________ water to a polymer General process name: depolymerization turning polymers back into monomers

Bring in the Water! ENZYME H2O

And they are split apart!
What was previous a dimer is now two ______________ again monomers

DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS HYDROLYSIS ENZYMES WATER MONOMERS/POLYMERS
The Venn Diagram below has been started for you. Write how the ENZYMES, WATER, and MONOMERS/POLYMERS differ in dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis. DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS HYDROLYSIS ENZYMES WATER MONOMERS/POLYMERS

DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS HYDROLYSIS ENZYMES WATER MONOMERS/POLYMERS
The Venn Diagram below has been started for you. Write how the ENZYMES, WATER, and MONOMERS/POLYMERS differ in dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis. DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS HYDROLYSIS PUT MOLECULES TOGETHER ENZYMES PULL MOLECULES APART WATER IS TAKEN OUT WATER WATER IS ADDED MONOMERS POLYMERS (MONOMERS ARE FORMED INTO POLYMERS) BONDS ARE FORMED MONOMERS/POLYMERS POLYMERS MONOMERS (POLYMERS ARE BROKEN DOWN INTO MONOMERS) BONDS ARE BROKEN TYPE OF POLYMERIZATION CLEAVAGE REACTION CONDENSATION REACTION

Type ii Explain both processes of dehydration synthesis AND hydrolysis while including the words ‘reverse’, ‘water’, ‘enzyme’ (2x’s), ‘monomer’, and ‘polymer’. Underline each word that you use. Dehydration synthesis is the process that builds polymers from monomers with the assistance of enzymes. During this process, water is lost from the molecules. Hydrolysis is the reverse of dehydration synthesis in that it breaks the bonds of polymers breaking them down into smaller

Objectives Carbon atoms have unique bonding properties.
Four main types of carbon-based molecules are found in living things.

BUILDING BLOCKS OF CELLS
PROTEIN P ____________________ LIPIDS R L ____________________ CARBOHYDRATES O I C ____________________ ATP T P A A ____________________ N NUCLEIC ACID E I R T ____________________ A I D B P N Crash Course – You are what you eat Bozeman – Molecules of life

Monomer & polymer Each subunit of a complete carbon- based molecule is called a ______________ A _____________ is a large molecule, or macromolecule, made of many monomers bonded together Monomers of a polymer may be the same (ex. Starches) Or different (proteins) monomer polymer

COMPOUND BUILDING BLOCK (POLYMER) (MONOMER)
PROTEIN AMINO ACID LIPID (FAT) FATTY ACID CARBOHYDRATE SUGARS NUCLEIC ACIDS NUCLEOTIDE

Amino Acids are to proteins as nucleotides are to ____________________.
Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen are to carbohydrates as carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, sulfer, and nitrogen are to ________________ Glucose is to monosaccaride as ____________________ is to polysaccaride. Amino acid is to DNA is to nucleic acid as ____________________________ is to protein

Carbohydrates Bozeman - Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are molecules composed of carbon, ______________, and oxygen Include sugars & starches Can be broken down to provide useable energy for cells Major part of plant cell structure The most basic carbs are simple sugars, _______________________ Polysaccharides are ______________ of monosaccharides hydrogen monosaccharides polymers

Carbohydrates Bozeman - Carbohydrates

Proteins Proteins are the most varied of the carbon- based molecules in organisms Have a role in movement, eyesight, digestion,etc A protein is a polymer made of monomers called amino acids _________________ are molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur Organisms use 20 different amino acids to build proteins The body makes 12 of the 20, the other 8 come from food Amino acids Bozeman - Proteins

Proteins

Lipids Bozeman - Lipids Lipids are nonpolar molecules that include fats, oils, and cholesterol Contain chains of carbon bonded to oxygen & hydrogen Energy storage Phospholipids make up _____________________ ________________ are chains of carbon atoms bonded to hydrogen atoms. Saturated fatty acids have single carbon-carbon bonds room temp) Unsaturated fatty acids have double carbon- carbon bonds room temp) cell membrane Fatty acids

Lipids Bozeman - Lipids

REVIEW ORGANIC MOLECULES
You Are What You Eat: Organic Molecules

ATP MAJOR ___________ ___________ MOLECULE IN CELL. ENERGY CARRYING
ENERGY IN __________________ AND __________ AND _____________________ MUST BE TRANSFERRED TO ATP IN CELL TO BE USED. ENERGY CARRYING CARBOHYDRATES LIPIDS PROTEINS

Nucleic Acids Bozeman – Nucleic acids Detailed instructions to build proteins are stored in extremely long carbon-based molecules called nucleic acids ____________________ are polymers that are made up of monomers called nucleotides Nucleic acids HAVE ALL INFO NEEDED TO MAKE __________. “_______________” OF LIFE. BUILDING BLOCKS OF _____________. TWO TYPES: ________ AND _______. PROTEIN BLUE PRINT NUCLEOTIDES DNA RNA

Nucleic Acids Bozeman – Nucleic acids

SECTION 2.3 REVIEW What is the relationship between a polymer and a monomer? 2. Explain how both nucleic acids and proteins are polymers. Be sure to describe the monomers that make up the polymers. 3. How are carbohydrates and lipids similar? How are they different? 4. Explain how the bonding properties of carbon atoms result in the large variety of carbon-based molecules in living things? Monomers are the basic units of organic compounds that make up Polymers, (which are macromolecules of organic compounds) Nucleic acids are made up of the monomers called nucleotides and proteins are made up of the monomers called amino acids. Therefore they are both polymers. Both carbohydrates and lipids are made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. They differ in the way they provide organisms energy: Carbs provide short term energy, and lipids provide long term energy. (Diagrams-carbs are arranged in ‘rings’ and lipids are long carbon ‘chains’ Because carbon has four electrons in its outer energy level, it allows carbon to be versatile with bonding properties. Carbon can bond in several arrangements: chains, branches, and rings. It can form single and double covalent bonds.

TYPE I Describe the unique characteristics of carbon that allow it form biological macromolecules

TYPE I Explain how you would identify each macromolecule by looking at a diagram of the macromolecule.

2.4 Chemical Reactions

Objectives Bonds break and form during chemical reactions.
Chemical reactions release or absorb energy.

Chemical Reactions Bonds & during chemical reactions
Plant/Animal cells break down sugars to get usable energy Cells build protein molecules by bonding amino acids together Chemical reactions change substances into different substances by breaking and forming chemical bonds break form SPEED UP CHEMICAL REACTIONS WHILE GETTING A DATE FOR DANCE

Chemical Reactions are the substance changed during a chemical reactions Oxygen (O2) & Glucose (C6H12O6) are the substances made by a chemical reaction Carbon Dioxide (CO2) & Water (H2O) 6O2 + C6H12O CO2 + 6H2O Reactants Products Reactants Products

It’s all about the energy
Energy is __________ to break bonds in molecules Energy is __________ to form bonds in molecules. Energy is ___________ when bonds are formed Energy is ___________ when bonds are broken. needed needed absorbed released

Chemical Reactions, cont.
Generous chemical RXNs that release more energy than they absorb = reaction Excess energy is the difference in bond energy between the reactants and products Excess energy is often released as heat or light Cellular respiration releases usable energy for your cells & heat! Exothermic

Chemical Reactions, cont.
Greedy chemical RXNs that absorb more energy than they release = reaction In photosynthesis, plants absorb energy from sunlight and use that to make sugars and carbohydrates Endothermic

TYPE I Distinguish the differences between the characteristics of endothermic and exothermic reactions by circling the phrases that match correctly with the type of reaction: Endothermic: Energy In / Energy Out Bonds Formed / Bonds Broken Exothermic: Energy In / Energy Out

But how does a rxn start? Some energy must first be absorbed by the reactants in ANY chemical reaction The amount of energy needed will vary is the amount of energy that needs to be absorbed for a chemical reaction to start Push a rock up a hill Activation energy

SECTION 2.4 REVIEW Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) breaks down into water (H2O) and oxygen (O2). Explain why this is a chemical reaction. What are the reactants and the products in the reaction? 2. How does energy related to the formation and breaking of bonds? 3. How do endothermic and exothermic reactions differ?

2.5 Enzymes Enzyme Animation Bozeman - Enzymes

CATALYST ARE SPECIAL TYPES OF ENZYMES
Objectives A catalyst lowers activation energy. Enzymes allow chemical reactions to occur under tightly controlled conditions. CATALYST ARE SPECIAL TYPES OF ENZYMES

catalyst To start a chemical RXN, activation energy is necessary
The reaction may happen very slowly Reactants may not interact enough, may not be high enough concentration Activation energy & rate of a chemical reaction can be changed by a chemical catalyst A catalyst is a substance that _______________ the activation energy needed to start a reaction Also increases the ________ of the reaction Wonder twins decreases rate

Enzyme _____________ are catalysts for reactions in living things
Lower the activation energy Increase the rate of the reaction Do not effect chemical equilibrium Does not change the direction of the reaction Almost all enzymes are Depend on their structure to function correctly Conditions such as TEMPERATURE and pH can affect the function Enzymes proteins

Substrates An enzyme’s structure is vital because their shape allows only certain reactants to bind to the enzyme The specific reactants that an enzyme acts on are called substrates Substrates bind to enzymes at specific places called Substrates exactly fit the active sites of enzymes, like a key exactly fits a lock This is why if an enzyme’s structure changes, it may not work Activation Energy and Enzymes SPEED UP CHEMICAL REACTIONS WHILE GETTING A DATE FOR DANCE

Animation: How Enzymes Work
Quia Quiz Enzyme Song

TYPE I 1) Explain how a lock and key is a good analogy for enzymes and their substrates 2) Explain how changes in environment impacts an enzyme Be sure to include the terms: denature, active site, substrate, pH, and temperature.

TYPE I Explain how changes in environment impacts an enzyme
Be sure to include the terms: denature, active site, substrate, pH, and temperature.

SECTION 2.5 REVIEW How does a catalyst affect the activation energy of a chemical reaction? 2. Describe how the interaction between an enzyme and its substrates changes a chemical reaction. 3. Some organisms live in very hot or very cold acidic environments. Would their enzymes function in a person’s cells? Why or why not? 4. Suppose that the amino acids that make up an enzyme’s active site are changed. How might this change affect the enzyme?

Monosaccharides nucleotide fatty Acid Amino acid
Monomer Monosaccharides nucleotide fatty Acid Amino acid

Polysaccharides DNA/RNA Polypeptide Fat
Polymer Polysaccharides DNA/RNA Polypeptide Fat

Function Building block of body Quick energy source Long term energy Stores genetic code

Elements CHO CHO 1:2:1 CHOSN CHOPN

Name Monomer Polymer Elements PIcture
Put them all together! Name Monomer Polymer Elements PIcture

Chemistry Review Section 2.1 and 2.2.

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Chemistry Review Section 2.1 and 2.2.

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