1. Business Statistics, 4e, by Ken Black. © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. 2-1 Business Statistics, 4e by Ken Black Chapter 2 Charts & Graphs

2. Business Statistics, 4e, by Ken Black. © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. 2-2 Learning Objectives Recognize the difference between grouped and ungrouped data Construct a frequency distribution Construct a histogram, a frequency polygon, an ogive, a pie chart, a stem and leaf plot, a Pareto chart, and a scatter plot

3. Business Statistics, 4e, by Ken Black. © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. 2-3 Ungrouped Versus Grouped Data Ungrouped data have not been summarized in any way are also called raw data Grouped data have been organized into a frequency distribution

4. Business Statistics, 4e, by Ken Black. © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. 2-4 Example of Ungrouped Data 42 30 53 50 52 30 55 49 61 74 26 58 40 28 36 30 33 31 37 32 37 30 32 23 32 58 43 30 29 34 50 47 31 35 26 64 46 40 43 57 30 49 40 25 50 52 32 60 54 Ages of a Sample of Managers from Urban Child Care Centers in the United States

5. Business Statistics, 4e, by Ken Black. © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. 2-5 Frequency Distribution of Child Care Manager’s Ages Class IntervalFrequency 20-under 306 30-under 4018 40-under 5011 50-under 6011 60-under 703 70-under 801

6. Business Statistics, 4e, by Ken Black. © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. 2-6 Data Range 42 30 53 50 52 30 55 49 61 74 26 58 40 28 36 30 33 31 37 32 37 30 32 23 32 58 43 30 29 34 50 47 31 35 26 64 46 40 43 57 30 49 40 25 50 52 32 60 54 Smallest Largest

7. Business Statistics, 4e, by Ken Black. © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. 2-7 Number of Classes and Class Width The number of classes should be between 5 and 15. Fewer than 5 classes cause excessive summarization. More than 15 classes leave too much detail. Class Width Divide the range by the number of classes for an approximate class width Round up to a convenient number

8. Business Statistics, 4e, by Ken Black. © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. 2-8 Class Midpoint

9. Business Statistics, 4e, by Ken Black. © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. 2-9 Relative Frequency Relative Class IntervalFrequencyFrequency 20-under 306.12 30-under 4018.36 40-under 5011.22 50-under 6011.22 60-under 703.06 70-under 80 1.02 Total501.00

10. Business Statistics, 4e, by Ken Black. © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. 2-10 Cumulative Frequency Cumulative Cumulative Class IntervalFrequencyFrequency 20-under 3066 30-under 401824 40-under 501135 50-under 601146 60-under 70349 70-under 80 150 Total50 Total50

11. Business Statistics, 4e, by Ken Black. © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. 2-11 Class Midpoints, Relative Frequencies, and Cumulative Frequencies Relative Cumulative Relative Cumulative Class IntervalFrequencyMidpointFrequencyFrequency 20-under 30625.126 30-under 401835.3624 40-under 501145.2235 50-under 601155.2246 60-under 70365.0649 70-under 80 175.0250 Total501.00 Total501.00

12. Business Statistics, 4e, by Ken Black. © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. 2-12 Cumulative Relative Frequencies Cumulative RelativeCumulativeRelative Class IntervalFrequencyFrequencyFrequencyFrequency 20-under 306.126.12 30-under 4018.3624.48 40-under 5011.2235.70 50-under 6011.2246.92 60-under 703.0649.98 70-under 80 1.02501.00 Total501.00

13. Business Statistics, 4e, by Ken Black. © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. 2-13 Common Statistical Graphs Histogram -- vertical bar chart of frequencies Frequency Polygon -- line graph of frequencies Ogive -- line graph of cumulative frequencies Pie Chart -- proportional representation for categories of a whole Stem and Leaf Plot Pareto Chart Scatter Plot

14. Business Statistics, 4e, by Ken Black. © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. 2-14 Histogram Class IntervalFrequency 20-under 306 30-under 4018 40-under 5011 50-under 6011 60-under 703 70-under 801

15. Business Statistics, 4e, by Ken Black. © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. 2-15 Histogram Construction Class IntervalFrequency 20-under 306 30-under 4018 40-under 5011 50-under 6011 60-under 703 70-under 801

16. Business Statistics, 4e, by Ken Black. © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. 2-16 Frequency Polygon Class IntervalFrequency 20-under 306 30-under 4018 40-under 5011 50-under 6011 60-under 703 70-under 801

17. Business Statistics, 4e, by Ken Black. © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. 2-17 Ogive Cumulative Class IntervalFrequency 20-under 306 30-under 4024 40-under 5035 50-under 6046 60-under 7049 70-under 8050

18. Business Statistics, 4e, by Ken Black. © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. 2-18 Relative Frequency Ogive Cumulative Relative Class IntervalFrequency 20-under 30.12 30-under 40.48 40-under 50.70 50-under 60.92 60-under 70.98 70-under 801.00

19. Business Statistics, 4e, by Ken Black. © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. 2-19 Complaints by Amtrak Passengers COMPLAINTNUMBERPROPORTION DEGREES Stations, etc.28,000.40144.0 Train Performance 14,700.2175.6 Equipment10,500.1550.4 Personnel9,800.1450.6 Schedules, etc. 7,000.1036.0 Total70,0001.00360.0

20. Business Statistics, 4e, by Ken Black. © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. 2-20 Complaints by Amtrak Passengers

21. Business Statistics, 4e, by Ken Black. © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. 2-21 Second Quarter Truck Production in the U.S. (Hypothetical values) 2d Quarter Truck Production Company A B C D E Totals 357,411 354,936 160,997 34,099 12,747 920,190

22. Business Statistics, 4e, by Ken Black. © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. 2-22 Second Quarter U.S. Truck Production

23. Business Statistics, 4e, by Ken Black. © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. 2-23 Pie Chart Calculations for Company A 2d Quarter Truck Production ProportionDegreesCompany A B C D E Totals 357,411 354,936 160,997 34,099 12,747 920,190.388.386.175.037.014 1.000 140 139 63 13 5 360

24. Business Statistics, 4e, by Ken Black. © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. 2-24 Safety Examination Scores for Plant Trainees 86 76 23 77 81 79 68 77 92 59 68 75 83 49 91 47 72 82 74 70 56 60 88 75 97 39 78 94 55 67 83 89 67 91 81 Raw Data Stem 2345678923456789 Leaf 3 9 7 9 5 6 9 0 7 7 8 8 0 2 4 5 5 6 7 7 8 9 1 1 2 3 3 6 8 9 1 1 2 4 7

25. Business Statistics, 4e, by Ken Black. © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. 2-25 Construction of Stem and Leaf Plot 86 76 23 77 81 79 68 77 92 59 68 75 83 49 91 47 72 82 74 70 56 60 88 75 97 39 78 94 55 67 83 89 67 91 81 Raw Data Stem 2345678923456789 Leaf 3 9 7 9 5 6 9 0 7 7 8 8 0 2 4 5 5 6 7 7 8 9 1 1 2 3 3 6 8 9 1 1 2 4 7 Stem Leaf Stem Leaf

26. Business Statistics, 4e, by Ken Black. © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. 2-26 Pareto Chart 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Poor Wiring Short in Coil Defective Plug Other Frequency 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

27. Business Statistics, 4e, by Ken Black. © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. 2-27 Scatter Plot Registered Vehicles (1000's) Gasoline Sales (1000's of Gallons) 560 15120 990 15140 760