1. Chapter 2: Charts and Graphs

2. LO1Explain the difference between grouped and un- grouped data and construct a frequency distribution from a set of data and explain what the distribution represents. LO2Describe and construct different types of quantitative data graphs, including histograms, frequency polygons, ogives, and stem and leaf plots. Explain when these graphs should be used. LO3Describe and construct different types of qualitative data graphs, including pie charts, bar charts, and Pareto charts. Explain when these graphs should be used. LO4Display and analyze two variables simultaneously using cross tabulation and scatter plots. Learning Objectives

3. Ungrouped data – have not been summarized in any way – are also called raw data Grouped data – have been organized into a frequency distribution Ungrouped Versus Grouped Data

4. Example of Ungrouped Data

5. Example of Grouped Data

6. Constructing a Frequency Distribution Start With Data Range

7. The number of classes should be between 5 and 15. – Fewer than 5 classes cause excessive summarization. – More than 15 classes leave too much detail. Class Width – Divide the range by the number of classes for an approximate class width – Round up to a convenient number – So if the number of classes is 6, then Deciding on the Number of Classes and on the Class Width

8. The midpoint of each class interval is called the class midpoint or the class mark. Class Midpoint

9. The relative frequency is the proportion of the total frequency that is any given class interval in a frequency distribution. Relative Frequency

10. The cumulative frequency is a running total of frequencies through the classes of a frequency distribution. Cumulative Frequency

11. Class Midpoints, Relative Frequencies, and Cumulative Frequencies

12. The cumulative relative frequency is a running total of the relative frequencies through the classes of a frequency distribution. Cumulative Relative Frequencies

13. Histogram : vertical bar chart of frequencies Frequency Polygon : line graph of frequencies Ogive : line graph of cumulative frequencies Pie Chart : proportional representation for categories of a whole Stem and Leaf Plot Pareto Chart Scatter Plot Common Statistical Graphs

14. Histogram Class IntervalFrequency 20-under 306 30-under 4018 40-under 5011 50-under 6011 60-under 703 70-under 801

15. Histogram Construction Class IntervalFrequency 20-under 306 30-under 4018 40-under 5011 50-under 6011 60-under 703 70-under 801

16. Frequency Polygon Class IntervalFrequency 20-under 306 30-under 4018 40-under 5011 50-under 6011 60-under 703 70-under 801

17. Ogive Cumulative Class IntervalFrequency 20-under 306 30-under 4024 40-under 5035 50-under 6046 60-under 7049 70-under 8050

18. Cumulative Relative Frequency (Ogive) Cumulative Relative Class IntervalFrequency 20-under 30.12 30-under 40.48 40-under 50.70 50-under 60.92 60-under 70.98 70-under 801.00

19. Complaints by Train Passengers

21. Second Quarter Truck Production (Hypothetical values)

22. Pie Chart Calculations for Company A

23. Second Quarter Truck Production

24. Visible Minority Population of Canada Census 2006 EthnicitySize of population PercentageEquivalent in Degrees South Asian1 262 865 24.9289.71 o Chinese1 216 595 24.0086.40 o Black 783 795 15.4755.69 o Filipino 419 700 8.1029.16 o Latin American 304 245 6.0021.60 o Arab 265 550 5.2418.86 o South East Asia 239 935 4.7317.03 o West Asians 156 695 3.0911.12 o Korean 141 890 2.8010.08 o Japanese 81 300 1.60 5.76 o Other 204 540 4.04 14.54 o Total5 068 095 100.00 360 o

25. Visible Minorities of Canada 2006

26. Safety Examination Scores for Plant Trainees

27. Construction of Stem and Leaf Plot

28. Pareto Chart

29. Cross tabulation is a process for producing a two-dimensional table that displays the frequency counts for two variables simultaneously. Cross Tabulation

30. Scatter Plot A scatter plot is a two-dimensional graph plot of pairs of points from two numerical variables.

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