1. CHAPTER 2 ORGANIZING AND GRAPHING DATA Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 8/E Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.

2. Opening Example Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 8/E Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.

3. RAW DATA  Definition  Data recorded in the sequence in which they are collected and before they are processed or ranked are called raw data. Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 8/E Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.

4. Table 2.1 Ages of 50 Students Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 8/E Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.

5. Table 2.2 Status of 50 Students Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 8/E Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.

6. ORGANIZING AND GRAPHING DATA  Frequency Distributions  Relative Frequency and Percentage Distributions  Graphical Presentation of Qualitative Data Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 8/E Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.

7. Table 2.3 Types of Employment Students Intend to Engage In Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 8/E Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.

8. Frequency Distributions  Definition  A frequency distribution of a qualitative variable lists all categories and the number of elements that belong to each of the categories. Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 8/E Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.

9. Example 2-1  A sample of 30 persons who often consume donuts were asked what variety of donuts was their favorite. The responses from these 30 persons were as follows: Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 8/E Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.

10. Example 2-1 glazedfilledotherplainglazedother frostedfilled glazedotherfrosted glazedplainotherglazed filled frostedplainother frostedfilled otherfrostedglazed filled Construct a frequency distribution table for these data. Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 8/E Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.

11. Example 2-1: Solution Table 2.4 Frequency Distribution of Favorite Donut Variety Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 8/E Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.

12. Relative Frequency and Percentage Distributions  Calculating Relative Frequency of a Category Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 8/E Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.

13. Relative Frequency and Percentage Distributions  Calculating Percentage Percentage = (Relative frequency) · 100% Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 8/E Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.

14. Example 2-2  Determine the relative frequency and percentage for the data in Table 2.4. Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 8/E Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.

15. Example 2-2: Solution Table 2.5 Relative Frequency and Percentage Distributions of Favorite Donut Variety Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 8/E Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.

16. Case Study 2-1 Will Today’s Children Be Better Off Than Their Parents? Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 8/E Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.

17. Graphical Presentation of Qualitative Data  Definition  A graph made of bars whose heights represent the frequencies of respective categories is called a bar graph. Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 8/E Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.

18. Figure 2.1 Bar graph for the frequency distribution of Table 2.4 Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 8/E Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.

19. Case Study 2-2 Employees’ Overall Financial Stress Levels Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 8/E Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.

20. Graphical Presentation of Qualitative Data  Definition  A circle divided into portions that represent the relative frequencies or percentages of a population or a sample belonging to different categories is called a pie chart. Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 8/E Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.

21. Table 2.6 Calculating Angle Sizes for the Pie Chart Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 8/E Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.

22. Figure 2.2 Pie chart for the percentage distribution of Table 2.5. Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 8/E Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.

23. ORGANIZING AND GRAPHING QUANTITATIVE  Frequency Distributions  Constructing Frequency Distribution Tables  Relative and Percentage Distributions  Graphing Grouped Data Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 8/E Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.

24. Table 2.7 Weekly Earnings of 100 Employees of a Company Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 8/E Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.

25. Frequency Distributions  Definition  A frequency distribution for quantitative data lists all the classes and the number of values that belong to each class. Data presented in the form of a frequency distribution are called grouped data. Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 8/E Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.

26. Frequency Distributions  Definition  The class boundary is given by the midpoint of the upper limit of one class and the lower limit of the next class. Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 8/E Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.

27. Frequency Distributions Finding Class Width Class width = Upper boundary – Lower boundary Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 8/E Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.

28. Frequency Distributions Calculating Class Midpoint or Mark Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 8/E Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.

29. Constructing Frequency Distribution Tables Calculation of Class Width Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 8/E Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.

30. Table 2.8 Class Boundaries, Class Widths, and Class Midpoints for Table 2.7 Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 8/E Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.

31. Example 2-3  The following data give the total number of iPods ® sold by a mail order company on each of 30 days. Construct a frequency distribution table. 8251115292210 51721 221326161812 9262016 23141923201627162114 Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 8/E Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.

32. Example 2-3: Solution Now we round this approximate width to a convenient number, say 5. The lower limit of the first class can be taken as 5 or any number less than 5. Suppose we take 5 as the lower limit of the first class. Then our classes will be 5 – 9, 10 – 14, 15 – 19, 20 – 24, and 25 – 29 The minimum value is 5, and the maximum value is 29. Suppose we decide to group these data using five classes of equal width. Then, Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 8/E Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.

33. Table 2.9 Frequency Distribution for the Data on iPods Sold Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 8/E Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.

34. Relative Frequency and Percentage Distributions Calculating Relative Frequency and Percentage Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 8/E Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.

35. Example 2-4  Calculate the relative frequencies and percentages for Table 2.9. Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 8/E Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.

36. Example 2-4: Solution Table 2.10 Relative Frequency and Percentage Distributions for Table 2.9 Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 8/E Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.

37. Graphing Grouped Data  Definition  A histogram is a graph in which classes are marked on the horizontal axis and the frequencies, relative frequencies, or percentages are marked on the vertical axis. The frequencies, relative frequencies, or percentages are represented by the heights of the bars. In a histogram, the bars are drawn adjacent to each other. Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 8/E Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.

38. Figure 2.3 Frequency histogram for Table 2.9. Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 8/E Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.

39. Figure 2.4 Relative frequency histogram for Table 2.10. Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 8/E Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.

40. Case Study 2-3 How Long Does Your Typical One-Way Commute Take? Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 8/E Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.

41. Graphing Grouped Data  Definition  A graph formed by joining the midpoints of the tops of successive bars in a histogram with straight lines is called a polygon. Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 8/E Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.

42. Figure 2.5 Frequency polygon for Table 2.9. Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 8/E Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.

43. Case Study 2-4 How Much Does it Cost to Insure a Car? Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 8/E Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.

44. Figure 2.6 Frequency distribution curve. Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 8/E Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.

45. Example 2-5  The percentage of the population working in the United States peaked in 2000 but dropped to the lowest level in 30 years in 2010. Table 2.11 shows the percentage of the population working in each of the 50 states in 2010. These percentages exclude military personnel and self-employed persons. (Source: USA TODAY, April 14, 2011. Based on data from the U.S. Census Bureau and U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.) Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 8/E Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.

46. Example 2-5 Construct a frequency distribution table. Calculate the relative frequencies and percentages for all classes. Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 8/E Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.

47. Example 2-5: Solution The minimum value in the data set of Table 2.11 is 36.7%, and the maximum value is 55.8%. Suppose we decide to group these data using six classes of equal width. Then, We round this to a more convenient number, say 3. We can take a lower limit of the first class equal to 36.7 or any number lower than 36.7. If we start the first class at 36, the classes will be written as 36 to less than 39, 39 to less than 42, and so on. Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 8/E Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.

48. Table 2.12 Frequency, Relative Frequency, and Percentage Distributions of the Percentage of Population Workings Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 8/E Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.

49. Example 2-6 The administration in a large city wanted to know the distribution of vehicles owned by households in that city. A sample of 40 randomly selected households from this city produced the following data on the number of vehicles owned: 5 1 1 2 0 1 1 2 1 1 1 3 3 0 2 5 1 2 3 4 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 4 2 1 1 2 1 1 4 1 3 Construct a frequency distribution table for these data using single-valued classes. Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 8/E Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.

50. Example 2-6: Solution Table 2.13 Frequency Distribution of Vehicles Owned The observations assume only six distinct values: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5. Each of these six values is used as a class in the frequency distribution in Table 2.13. Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 8/E Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.

51. Figure 2.7 Bar graph for Table 2.13. Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 8/E Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.

52. Case Study 2-5 How Many Cups of Coffee Do You Drink a Day? Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 8/E Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.

53. SHAPES OF HISTOGRAMS 1. Symmetric 2. Skewed 3. Uniform or Rectangular Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 8/E Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.

54. Figure 2.8 Symmetric histograms. Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 8/E Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.

55. Figure 2.9 (a) A histogram skewed to the right. (b) A histogram skewed to the left. Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 8/E Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.

56. Figure 2.10 A histogram with uniform distribution. Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 8/E Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.

57. Figure 2.11 (a) and (b) Symmetric frequency curves. (c) Frequency curve skewed to the right. (d) Frequency curve skewed to the left. Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 8/E Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.

58. CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTIONS  Definition  A cumulative frequency distribution gives the total number of values that fall below the upper boundary of each class. Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 8/E Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.

59. Example 2-7  Using the frequency distribution of Table 2.9, reproduced here, prepare a cumulative frequency distribution for the number of iPods sold by that company. Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 8/E Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.

60. Example 2-7: Solution Table 2.14 Cumulative Frequency Distribution of iPods Sold Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 8/E Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.

61. CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTIONS  Calculating Cumulative Relative Frequency and Cumulative Percentage Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 8/E Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.

62. Table 2.15 Cumulative Relative Frequency and Cumulative Percentage Distributions for iPods Sold Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 8/E Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.

63. CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTIONS  Definition  An ogive is a curve drawn for the cumulative frequency distribution by joining with straight lines the dots marked above the upper boundaries of classes at heights equal to the cumulative frequencies of respective classes. Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 8/E Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.

64. Figure 2.12 Ogive for the cumulative frequency distribution of Table 2.14. Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 8/E Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.

65. STEM-AND-LEAF DISPLAYS  Definition  In a stem-and-leaf display of quantitative data, each value is divided into two portions – a stem and a leaf. The leaves for each stem are shown separately in a display. Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 8/E Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.

66. Example 2-8  The following are the scores of 30 college students on a statistics test:  Construct a stem-and-leaf display. 75 69 83 52 72 84 80 81 77 96 61 64 65 76 71 79 86 87 71 79 72 87 68 92 93 50 57 95 92 98 Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 8/E Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.

67. Example 2-8: Solution  To construct a stem-and-leaf display for these scores, we split each score into two parts. The first part contains the first digit, which is called the stem. The second part contains the second digit, which is called the leaf. We observe from the data that the stems for all scores are 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 because all the scores lie in the range 50 to 98. Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 8/E Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.

68. Figure 2.13 Stem-and-leaf display. Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 8/E Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.

69. Example 2-8: Solution  After we have listed the stems, we read the leaves for all scores and record them next to the corresponding stems on the right side of the vertical line. The complete stem-and-leaf display for scores is shown in Figure 2.14. Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 8/E Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.

70. Figure 2.14 Stem-and-leaf display of test scores. Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 8/E Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.

71. Example 2-8: Solution  The leaves for each stem of the stem-and-leaf display of Figure 2.14 are ranked (in increasing order) and presented in Figure 2.15. Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 8/E Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.

72. Figure 2.15 Ranked stem-and-leaf display of test scores.  One advantage of a stem-and-leaf display is that we do not lose information on individual observations. Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 8/E Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.

73. Example 2-9  The following data give the monthly rents paid by a sample of 30 households selected from a small town.  Construct a stem-and-leaf display for these data. 880 1210 1151 1081 985 630 721 1231 1175 1075 932 952 1023 850 1100 775 825 1140 1235 1000 750 915 1140 965 1191 1370 960 1035 1280 Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 8/E Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.

74. Example 2-9: Solution Figure 2.16 Stem-and-leaf display of rents Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 8/E Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.

75. Example 2-10  The following stem-and-leaf display  is prepared for the number of hours  that 25 students spent working on computers during the last month.  Prepare a new stem-and-leaf display  by grouping the stems. Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 8/E Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.

76. Example 2-10: Solution Figure 2.17 Grouped stem-and-leaf display Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 8/E Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.

77. Example 2-11  Consider the following stem-and-leaf display, which has only two stems. Using the split stem procedure, rewrite the stem-and-leaf display. Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 8/E Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.

78. Example 2-11: Solution Figure 2.18 & 2.19 Split stem-and-leaf display Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 8/E Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.

79. DOTPLOTS  Definition  Values that are very small or very large relative to the majority of the values in a data set are called outliers or extreme values. Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 8/E Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.

80. Example 2-12  Table 2.16 lists the number of minutes for which each player of the Boston Bruins hockey team was penalized during the 2011 Stanley Cup championship playoffs. Create a dotplot for these data. Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 8/E Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.

81. Table 2.16 Number of Penalty Minutes for Players of the Boston Bruins Hockey Team During the 2011 Stanley Cup Playoffs Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 8/E Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.

82. Example 2-12: Solution  Step1. Draw a horizontal line with numbers that cover the given data as shown in Figure 2.20  Step 2. Place a dot above the value on the numbers line that represents each number of penalty minutes listed in the table. After all the dots are placed, Figure 2.21 gives the complete dotplot. Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 8/E Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.

83. Example 2-12: Solution  As we examine the dotplot of Figure 2.21, we notice that there are two clusters (groups) of data. Sixty percent of the players had 17 or fewer penalty minutes during the playoffs, while the other 40% had 24 or more penalty minutes. Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 8/E Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.

84. Example 2-13  Refer to Table 2.16 in Example 2-12, which lists the number of minutes for which each player of the 2011 Stanley Cup champion Boston Bruins hockey team was penalized during the playoffs. Table 2.17 provides the same information for the Vancouver Canucks, who lost in the finals to the Bruins in the 2011 Stanley Cup playoffs. Make dotplots for both sets of data and compare them. Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 8/E Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.

85. Table 2.17 Number of Penalty Minutes for Players of the Vancouver Canucks Hockey Team During the 2011 Stanley Cup Playoffs Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 8/E Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.

86. Example 2-13: Solution Figure 2.22 Stacked dotplot of penalty minutes for the Boston Bruins and the Vancouver Canucks Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 8/E Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.

87. Example 2-13: Solution  Looking at the stacked dotplot, we see that the majority of players on both teams had fewer than 20 penalty minutes throughout the playoffs. Both teams have one outlier each, at 63 and 66 minutes, respectively. The two distributions of penalty minutes are almost similar in shape. Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 8/E Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.

88. TI-84 Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 8/E Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.

89. TI-84 Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 8/E Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.

90. Minitab Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 8/E Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.

91. Minitab Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 8/E Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.

92. Minitab Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 8/E Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.

93. Minitab Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 8/E Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.

94. Minitab Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 8/E Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.

95. Excel Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 8/E Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.

96. Excel Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 8/E Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.