1. Turn in your Maps. Also turn in your Unit 3 Organizer if you have not already done so. Warm-up: Write down 3 things you would like to know about Europe, Two things you already know about Europe, One thing you have learned about Europe from yesterdays activity

2. 10/27-EQ: What are the key physical features of Europe?

3. Physical Geography of Europe Chapter 11 Section 1: The Land

4. Seas, Peninsulas, and Islands Struggle with the Sea- Most of Europe lies within 300 miles of a seacoast. This closeness to the sea has shaped the lifestyles of Europeans About 25 % of the Netherlands lies below sea level. The Dutch have built dikes to hold back the waters in the Netherlands They have gained new land by draining lakes and flooded areas

5. Seas, Peninsulas, and Islands The Northern Peninsulas- The Scandinavian Peninsula in northern Europe is mountainous Ice Age glaciers melted here, leaving thousands of lakes Other glaciers carved out fjords along the coastline Jutland, the peninsula on which mainland Denmark lies is mostly flat

6. Seas, Peninsulas, and Islands The Southern Peninsulas- Southwestern Europe’s Iberian Peninsula- Home to Spain and Portugal, separates the Mediterranean Sea from the Atlantic Ocean Most of the peninsula is a plateau, but the Pyrenees Mountains form a barrier between it and the rest of Europe Apennine (Italian) Peninsula- Long, thin, boot-shaped land Apennines mountain range extends down the center of the peninsula This includes the active volcano of Mount Vesuvius Only 30 percent of the Apennine Peninsula is plains Balkan Peninsula- In Southeastern Europe, is a tangle of mountain ranges and valleys. Overland travel in this region is difficult How do you think the Pyrenees and the Apennines affected European History?

7. Seas, Peninsulas, and Islands Europe’s Islands- Iceland- An island south of the Arctic Circle in the North Atlantic Ocean with volcanoes, hot springs, and geysers. British Isles- Primarily Ireland and Great Britain Cool, Hilly, and Rainy Mediterranean Islands- Sicily, Corsica, Sardinia, Cyprus, and Crete All have rugged terrain and volcanic mountains Greece- Composed of 2,000 Islands in the Aegean Sea Have rugged landscapes and a sunny climate that attracts tourists

8. Mountains and Plains Mountain Regions- Europe’s NW mountains have some of the worlds oldest rock formations, but erosion and glaciation made their peaks low. Younger mountains of S Europe are high and jagged. Mont Blanc (highest peak) in the alps is over 15,771 feet Carpathians Mountain range runs through E Europe What physical processes account for geologically older mountains being shorter than younger ones?

9. Mountains and Plains Plains Regions- North European Plain- Fertile land Stretches from SE England and W France to Russia Major agricultural region and home to some of Europe’s largest cities Great Hungarian Plain- Fertile land Extends from Hungary to Croatia, Serbia, and Romania

10. Water Systems Rivers of Europe flow from inland mountains and highlands to the coasts Europeans have built networks of canals that aid transportation and irrigation Scandinavian rivers tend to be short Rivers on the Iberian Peninsula are generally too shallow and narrow for large ships The Thames River in England allows ships easy access to the inland city of London

11. Water Systems The Rhine- W Europe’s major river runs through France and Germany into the Netherlands, connecting inland industrial cities to the North Sea The Danube- E Europe’s major river Flows from Germany’s Black Forest to the Black Sea The Main-Danube Canal (completed in 1992) links the North Sea and the Black Sea What do Europe’s rivers suggest about early migration patterns?

12. Natural Resources Europe’s abundant supply of coal and iron supported the development of modern industry Today many European coalfields are depleted In places where other fuels are scarce, Europeans burn peat- a dense mossy substance dug up in swamps and dried for fuel Most Europeans rely on coal, oil, natural gas, and nuclear and hydroelectric power In what kinds of locations do you think people rely on peat for fuel? Why?

13. Assignment! You will need to use your electronic devices for this assignment. Work with a partner to create a mini region profile in your notes. These regions are : Central Europe Southern Europe Eastern Europe Northern Europe Western Europe You will need to identify the key geographic features (mountains, valleys, rivers, climate, etc) Answer this question: How might these physical features influence the cultural economic and political development of the region?

14. 10/28-EQ: What factors influence the climate of Europe?

15. Climate and Vegetation Chapter 11 Section 2

16. Water and Land European climates vary according to distance from the sea. Countries closer to warm Atlantic ocean currents and winds have milder temperatures than those farther east and north Vegetation varies according to climate Why do European cities like Paris and Frankfurt enjoy milder winters compared with cities in other parts of the world at the same latitude?

17. Western Europe Trees and Highlands Forests in the region include varieties of deciduous and evergreen trees. Conifers thrive in cooler sections of the region such as the mountains The Alps have a highlands climate with colder temperatures and more precipitation than nearby lowland areas. Occasional dry winds can trigger avalanches

18. Western Europe Ireland’s Forests: Much of Europe was originally forested but over the centuries people have cleared away many of the trees By 1922 Ireland had cut down 99 percent of its original forest Government-sponsored reforestation efforts as well as those of private groups have increased woodland areas How can Europe balance reforestation with the economic and social needs of densely populated areas?

19. Southern Europe Most of southern Europe has a Mediterranean climate with warm, dry summers and mild, rainy winters. The Alps block moist Atlantic winds, so less precipitation falls in southern Europe than in northwestern Europe. The mistral, an Alpine wind, occasionally blows bitter cold air into southern France. Siroccos- high dry winds from North Africa, sometimes bring hot weather to Europe Why do you think the Mediterranean region was home to Europe’s earliest civilizations?

20. Eastern and Northern Europe Eastern and northern areas of Europe have a humid continental climate- cold, snowy winters with hot summers Warm Atlantic currents have less influences on climates in these areas farther from the Atlantic Ocean. As a result, summer and winter temperatures vary more widely in eastern and northern Europe than in the rest of Europe. Grasslands cover much of eastern Europe especially Hungary and Romania. Forests are mixed deciduous and coniferous

21. Eastern and Northern Europe Far northern parts of Scandinavia feature subarctic and tundra climates Winters are bitterly cold and summers are short and cool Much of the soil is permanently frozen below the surface (permafrost) and only the hardiest vegetation can survive Why is it so cold in Scandinavia and how might climate affect people’s lives?

22. Assignment Using the RED World Geography Books Answer the Geography skills for life questions on pages 278, 279, 280, and 281 Answer 2-6 on the Section Assessment page 281. When you finish, define the terms from Chapter 11 in your unit organizer, and work on answering the reading questions for Chapter 11 in your Unit organizer.