1. CHAPTER 12 PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OF EUROPE

2. PENINSULAS AND ISLANDS EUROPE IS A CONTINENT OF PENINSULAS:  SCANDINAVIAN-Norway,Sweden,Finland  JUTLAND-Denmark  IBERIAN-Spain, Portugal  ITALIAN-Italy  BALKAN-Greece, Albania, and former Yugoslavia

3. ISLANDS BRITISH ISLES: Great Britain, Ireland GREENLAND: Controlled by Denmark MEDITERRANEAN ISLANDS:  Baleric Islands: Spain  Corsica: France  Sardinia and Sicily: Italy  Crete: Greece  Cyprus

4. How have these physical landforms affected the development of Europe? Peninsulas and islands gave many countries access to the sea and trade routes. Peninsulas provided excellent harbors for ships and shipbuilding, allowing nagivation and exploration.

5. MOUNTAINS AND UPLANDS MOUNTAIN CHAINS INCLUDE  Kjolen in Scandinavia  Alps in northern Italy  Apennines in Italy  Pyrenees in northern Spain  Balkans in the former Yugoslavia  Pindus in Greece

6. UPLANDS SEVERAL UPLANDS, INCLUDING THE  MESETA IN SPAIN  MASSIF CENTRAL IN FRANCE  SCOTTISH UPLANDS

7. RIVERS TWO MAJOR RIVERS, THE DANUBE AND THE RHINE RIVERS HELPED CONNECT EUROPEANS TO THE REST OF THE WORLD MOST RIVERS ARE LARGE ENOUGH FOR SHIP TRAVEL RIVERS HELPED THE MOVEMENT OF IDEAS, GOODS, AND PEOPLE

8. FERTILE PLAINS The Northern European Plain stretches from the Atlantic Ocean to the Ural Mountains in Russia. HOW DID THE EUROPEAN PLAIN HELP THE DEVELOPMENT OF EUROPE?

9. RESOURCES LOOK ON PAGE 276 OF YOUR BOOK.  WHERE ARE MAJOR PETROLEUM DEPOSITS?  WHICH COUNTRY HAS RELATIVELY FEW NATURAL RESOURCES?  AGRICULTURE: ONE THIRD OF LAND IS USED FOR AGRICULTURE  TIMBER IS CUT FROM FORESTS IN SCANDINAVIA  PEAT IS HARVESTED FROM BOGS IN THE BRITISH ISLES.

10. CLIMATE AND VEGETATION MILDER CLIMATE North Atlantic Drift, a warm current to the west Prevailing westerlies are winds that carry the warmer air from the North Atlantic Drift HARSHER CLIMATES INLAND

11. THE MEDITERRANEAN THE MISTRAL IS A THE COLD AND DRY WIND IN THE WINTER THE SIROCCO IS THE HOT SOUTH WIND THAT BLOWS FROM AFRICA IN THE SUMMER

12. LAND OF THE MIDNIGHT SUN BECAUSE SOME OF SCANDINAVIA IS ABOVE THE ARCTIC CIRCLE, WINTER DAYS ARE VERY SHORT AND SUMMER NIGHTS ARE VERY LONG LOOK ON PAGE 280. WOULD YOU LIKE TO STAY IN THE ICE HOTEL?

13. Now, let's get to a few of the many guest rooms, each custom-designed and one more spectacular than the next. The beds -- yes, this is a real hotel -- are mounted on a large block of ice and covered with reindeer skins. Atop the deer skins, you sleep in a sleeping bag ; hopefully, you are covered in long underwearskins sleeping bag long underwear with lots of layers of pajamas. Although it may be -30° outside, it's never less than -8° inside the hotel, so don't worry too much. Guests are awakened early with a glass of hot lingonberry juice. Then a breakfast buffet and morning sauna. Don't be surprised if you're out by 10:00 A.M. and can't return to your lodging before 6:00 P.M. During the day, the IceHotel functions as a museum. For those of you who can't tolerate the cold, there are lodgings very nearby that are heated. glasssauna lodging

14. SCENES FROM THE ICE HOTEL, SWEDEN