1. The Chicago Style (1 Basics) -1- The Practice of Citing Scientific Sources in the Chicago Style (notes-bibliography vs. author-date) Part 1 - Basics -

2. The Chicago Style (1 Basics) -2- Wolfgang Kirsch M.A. publisher www.kirsch-verlag.de e-Mail:kip@kirsch-verlag.de assistant lecturer at the Universität zu Köln Slavisches Institut e-Mail:kirsch@uni-koeln.de http://www.slavistik.phil-fak.uni-koeln.de/kirsch.html

3. The Chicago Style (1 Basics) -3- Overview Part I – Basics System 1: notes and bibliography System 2: author-date references The Chicago style is primarily thought as a notes-bibliography system. Part II – electronic sources quoting electronical sources kinds of e-publications e-book, e-journal, websites, publication server (URN, DOI)

4. The Chicago Style (1 Basics) -4- Sources of information The Chicago Manual of Style 16 th edition (2010), 1026 pages Turabian A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations - Chicago Style for Students and Researchers, 8 th edition, 2013, 448 pages APA Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. MLA The Modern Language Association of America. 2009. Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, 7th edition, New York. ISO 690 Information and documentation – Guidelines for bibliographic references and citations to information resources -3 rd edition, june 2010 ISO 3388 Patent documents - Bibliographic references DIN 1505-2 ‚Titelangaben und Zitierregeln‘ (until 1984)

5. The Chicago Style (1 Basics) -5- The Chicago Manual of Style (CMoS) University Chicago Press. The Chicago Manual of Style. 16th ed. Chicago: The University Chicago Press, 2010. 1026 pages ISBN 978-0-226-10420-1 1st edition: 1906 (»15.6) Turabian Style (=Chigaco Style) Kate L. Turabian. A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations, 8th edition, edited by Wayne C. Booth, Gregory G. Colomb, Joseph M. Williams, and the University of Chicago Press Editorial Staff (The University of Chicago Press, 2013) 448 pages ISBN 978-0-226-81638-8 1st edition 1937 (guideline for dissertations) (›16.1)

6. The Chicago Style (1 Basics) -6-

7. The Chicago Style (1 Basics) -7- General information

8. The Chicago Style (1 Basics) -8- A cited publ. Citing schema Author of B text passage (citation) quotation B citing publ. Reader of B

9. The Chicago Style (1 Basics) -9- Zitat citation (cited publication) quotation (formal in citing publication, ›7.5, »13.1ff) to cite, to quote (with quotes) to paraphrase (umschreiben) (›15.2.1, »13.4) Zitierfähigkeit citeable, cit(e)ability (quotable) Zitation quotation (citation) Words

10. The Chicago Style (1 Basics) -10- Quotation marks [Anführungszeichen] Quotation marks double straight: " - " curly ( 66 - 99 ): “ - ” single straight: ' - ' curly ( 6 - 9 ): ‘ - ’ double (Alt+0147 / Alt+0148) single(Alt+0145 / Alt+0146) Anführungszeichen (Gänsefüßchen) doppelt öffnend-schließend: „ - “ (Alt+0132 - Alt+0147) einfach öffnend-schließend: ‚ - ‘ (Alt+0130 - Alt+0145)

11. The Chicago Style (1 Basics) -11- citable sources print-media books journals newspapers electronic sources (›15.4, »14.4) URL (http), websites Wikipedia e-books, e-journals URN, DOI permanence (»14.9) [Dauerhaftigkeit, Beständigkeit, ‚Flüchtigkeit ‘] restricted access Citability [Zitierfähigkeit]

12. The Chicago Style (1 Basics) -12- (without) Permission citing without permission (»4.77, »13.3) no commercial use review criticism illustration support of own point of view amount of quoting only a few contiguous sentences/paragraphs! (»13.20) an entire poem is not acceptable! do not cite out of context! paraphrasing a source

13. The Chicago Style (1 Basics) -13- System 1 Notes-Bibliography Style – Quotations – Notes (footnotes/endnotes) – (Bibliography)

14. The Chicago Style (1 Basics) -14- Basic examples

15. The Chicago Style (1 Basics) -15- One book – one author (»14.18) Note (without bibliography) endnote/footnote (Text)... so wie Mikuláš 12 dargelegt hat... (EndN)__Chicago Manual of style _______________ 12. Roman Mikuláš, Literatur als Kommunikationssystem: Systemische Betrachtungen (Nümbrecht: KIRSCH- Verlag, 2013), 28-29. (FootN)____Turabian style _____________________ 12 Roman Mikuláš, Literatur als Kommunikationssystem: Systemische Betrachtungen (Nümbrecht: KIRSCH- Verlag, 2013), 28-29.

16. The Chicago Style (1 Basics) -16- Footnotes vs. endnotes (›16.3.1, »14.38) footnotes at the bottom of a page endnotes at the end of the book/article order in the book:... appendix endnotes bibliography

17. The Chicago Style (1 Basics) -17- Note elements 1. 12 (note number, superscripted) 2.Roman Mikuláš (author - first name last name) 3.Literatur als Kommunikationssystem: Systemische Betrachtungen (title: subtitle - italic) 4.(Nümbrecht: KIRSCH-Verlag, 2013) (publication facts - place: publisher, date) 5.(pp.) 28-34 (locator) — en-dash (no key, ALT+0151, CTRL+NUM+-, [Halbgeviertstrich]) - hyphen (- on keybord, ALT+0150, [Bindestrich])

18. The Chicago Style (1 Basics) -18- References [Verweise] Elements: 1.reference in running text (number superscripted) 2.footnote/endnote (numbered)

19. The Chicago Style (1 Basics) -19- Reference without bibliography ________________________________ 1 Roman Mikuláš, Literatur als Kommunikationssystem: Systemische Betrachtungen (Nümbrecht: KIRSCH- Verlag, 2013), 28-29. 2 Mikuláš, Literatur als Kommunikationssystem, 38. 3 Mikuláš, 47. 4 Ibid., 58–60.

20. The Chicago Style (1 Basics) -20- Notes (›16.3, »14.19) [Anmerkungen] At the end of a book/article (endnote). ›16.3.4.3 At the foot of a page (footnote [Fußnote]). ›16.3.4.1 Notes are numbered. (›16.3.3, »14.19)

21. The Chicago Style (1 Basics) -21- Notes and bibliography footnote (short form, ›16.4, »14.25) ______________________ 12 Mikuláš, Literatur als Kommunikationssystem, 28-34. elements are separated by commas. entry bibliography Mikuláš, Roman. Literatur als Kommunikationssystem: Systemische Betrachtungen. Nümbrecht: KIRSCH-Verlag, 2013. elements are separated by periods.

22. The Chicago Style (1 Basics) -22- Author (›17.1.1, »14.72) author in a note order: (first name) last name,... author in a bibliography entry order: last name, first name....

23. The Chicago Style (1 Basics) -23- More than 1 author (›16.1, »14.76) note _________________ 13 Mikuláš und Mikulášová, Grundfragen der Literaturwissenschaft: Theorien, Methoden, Tendenzen, 47-51. bibliography entry Mikuláš, Roman und Andrea Mikulášová. Grundfragen der Literaturwissenschaft: Theorien, Methoden, Tendenzen, Handbuch für Studierende. Nümbrecht: KIRSCH-Verlag, 2011.

24. The Chicago Style (1 Basics) -24- shortened note (›16.4.1) author title: 13 Mikuláš und Mikulášová, Grundfragen der Literaturwissenschaft, 47-51. author only: 13 Mikuláš und Mikulášová, 47-51.

25. The Chicago Style (1 Basics) -25- ibid. (›16.4.2, »14.29) The use of the abbreviation ibid. in notes. from lat. ibidem: ‘in the same place’ with subsequent in-text citations [‚ ebd. ‘, ‚ ebenda ‘, ‚ ebendort ‘] _____________________ 5 Farmwinkle, Humor of the Midwest, 241. 6 Ibid., 258–59. 7 Ibid.

26. The Chicago Style (1 Basics) -26- Multi-article book (›16.1, »14.112) single chapter in an edited book bibliography Carr, Anne and Douglas J. Schuurman. “Religion and Feminism: A Reformist Christian Analysis”. In Religion, Feminism, and the Family, edited by Anne Carr and Mary Stewart Van Leeuwen, 271-279. Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox Press, 1996. note _____________________________________ 17Carr and Schuurman, “Religion and Feminism,” 273. (›16.4.1 #5)

27. The Chicago Style (1 Basics) -27- Four authors (and more) (›16.1#2, »15.9) bibliography Stem, Caroline J., James P. Lassoie, David R. Lee, and David J. Dessler. “How ‘Eco’ is Ecotourism?: A Comparative Case Study of Ecotourism in Costa Rica.” Journal of Sustainable Tourism 11, no. 4 (2003), 322-348. note _____________________________________ 17 Stem et al., “How ‘Eco’ is Ecotourism?”, 345.

28. The Chicago Style (1 Basics) -28- Organisation (›17.1.1.3, »14.92) in place of author University of Chicago Press. The Chicago Manual of Style, 16th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2010. ______________________ 2 The Chicago Manual of Style, 16th ed., 14.154-65.

29. The Chicago Style (1 Basics) -29- author unknown (›17.1.1.5) title in place of the author: “Sotweed Redivivus”, (Annapolis, 1730), 5-6.

30. The Chicago Style (1 Basics) -30- APA: multi-article book = author-date-system APA bibliography Carr, Anne & Douglas J. Schuurman (1996). Religion and Feminism: A Reformist Christian Analysis. In Anne Carr and Mary Stewart Van Leeuwen (eds.), Religion, Feminism, and the Family (pp. 271-279). Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox Press.... running text (Carr & Schuurman 1996, 276)...

31. The Chicago Style (1 Basics) -31- MLA - Modern Language Association MLA bibliography Carr, Anne & Douglas J. Schuurman. (1996). Religion and Feminism: A Reformist Christian Analysis. In Anne Carr and Mary Stewart Van Leeuwen (Eds.), Religion, Feminism, and the Family (pp. 271-279). Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox Press. general structure Author(s). (date). Title of Article. In editor(s) Title of the Book (pp.xxx-yyy). Location: Publisher.

32. The Chicago Style (1 Basics) -32- Turabian: Editor in place of author (›17.1.1.2, »14.76) Lojová, Gabriela and Mária Kostelníková, eds. Studies in Foreign Language Education – vol. 4. Nümbrecht: Kirsch- Verlag, 2012. Vajičková, Mária, Alena Ďuricová, Mária Kostelníková und Zuzana Tuhárska, Hrsg. Stilistische Prinzipien der Gestaltung administrativer und juristischer Texte: Am Beispiel deutscher, slowakischer und englischer Texte der Europäischen Union. Nümbrecht: Kirsch-Verlag, 2011. ______________________________ 17 Vajičková et al., Stilistische Prinzipien der Gestaltung administrativer und juristischer Texte, 110.

33. The Chicago Style (1 Basics) -33- Crossreference (»14.113) Bibliography Harrington, Elaine. “International Influences on Henry Hobson Richardson’s Glessner House.” In Zukowsky, Chicago Architecture, 189–207. Zukowsky, John, ed. Chicago Architecture, 1872–1922: Birth of a Metropolis. Munich: Prestel-Verlag in association with the Art Institute of Chicago, 1987. Note __________________ 23 Harrington, “International Influences on Henry Hobson Richardson’s Glessner House”, 203.

34. The Chicago Style (1 Basics) -34- Words editor(s) (eds.) [Herausgeber (Hrsg.), Plural Hrsgg.] vydavateľ [herausgegeben von] edited by Vydaná...

35. The Chicago Style (1 Basics) -35- Bibliography (›16.2, »14.56 + 14.57) at the end of a book/article full information about all cited/consulted sources alphabetical order of entries (»14.60, last name) elements of an entry: 1.author(s) /editor(s) 2.title (: subtitle) 3.publication facts ( place: publisher, date ) no page number!

36. The Chicago Style (1 Basics) -36- Titles (›17.1.2, »8.2) Book titles and subtitles are italicized. Bisko, W., St. Karolak, R. Tertel und D. Wasilewska. Mówimy po polsku: Lehrbuch der polnischen Sprache für Anfänger. Warszawa: Wiedza Powszechna, 1968. Titles of articles/chapters/parts of a book are placed in quotation marks. Bierwisch, M. „Psychologische Aspekte der Semantik natürlicher Sprachen.“ In Richtungen der modernen Semantikforschung, herausgegeben von W. Motsch und D. Viehweger, 15–64. Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, 1983.

37. The Chicago Style (1 Basics) -37- Facts of publication location: publisher, year. Warszawa: Wiedza Powszechna, 1968.

38. The Chicago Style (1 Basics) -38- Citation

39. The Chicago Style (1 Basics) -39- citation (›25, »14.34) indirect citation (paraphrased) direct citation (literally cited) in-text quotation: enclosed in quotes (engl. “...” - dt. „...“ block quotation (indented, without quotes)

40. The Chicago Style (1 Basics) -40- Run-in quotation (›25.2.1, »13.10)... his imagination of what the “lithe black form” 17 may be thinking. _______________________________________________ 17 Joyce, Ulysses, 125. Bibliography James Joyce. Ulysses. London: Penguin, 1992.

41. The Chicago Style (1 Basics) -41- Block quotation (›25.2.2)... offers the following answer: This rite has no magical or idolatrous intention; nothing is expected in return. Nor is it, in a Christian sense, an act of devotion. If it praises the Creator, it does so indirectly by praising His creatures – among which may be human notions of the Divine Nature. With God as Redeemer, it has, so far as I can see, little if anything to do. 39 Auden’s interpretation... ________________________________ 39 W. H. Auden, The Dyer’s Hand and Other Essays, New York: Vintage International 1989, 57.

42. The Chicago Style (1 Basics) -42- Block quotation (›25.2.2, »13.9) more than 2 sentence > block quotation more than 60 letters > block quotation

43. The Chicago Style (1 Basics) -43- Modifying citations (›25.3) omissions (›25.3.2) final period. italicize for emphasis words insertions for explanation

44. The Chicago Style (1 Basics) -44- Ellipses (›25.3.2.1, »13.56) The spirit of our American radicalism is destructive and aimless.... On the other side, the conservative party... is timid, and merely defensive of property.... It does not build, nor write, nor cherish the arts, nor foster religion, nor establish schools. 5

45. The Chicago Style (1 Basics) -45- Missing word (»13.62) “If you will assure me of your... [illegible], I shall dedicate my life to your endeavor.”

46. The Chicago Style (1 Basics) -46- Citation within a quotation (»13.28) “The spirit of ‘American radicalism’ is destructive and aimless.” 3

47. The Chicago Style (1 Basics) -47- Abbreviations (›16.1.6, »14.158) p. (pl. pp. )page (frequently omitted) vol. volume pt. part chap. chapter bk. book sec. section n. (pl. nn. ) note (notes) fig. figure cf. conferatur! compare! et al. and others, et alii (Maskulinum), et aliae (Femininum), et alia (Neutrum)

48. The Chicago Style (1 Basics) -48- [Abkürzungen] S. Seite(n) Bd. Band Jg. Jahrgang ebd. ebenda, ebendort (=a.a.O.) a.a.O. am anderen Ort f. (ff.) folgende (Seiten), ff.=‚fortfolgende‘ Abb. Abbildung vgl. vergleiche! u.a. und andere = et al.

49. The Chicago Style (1 Basics) -49- sic (›25.3.1.1, »13.59) sic – ‘thus’, ‘in this manner’ often in brackets “... mentioning Schillers Raüber [sic!]... ”

50. The Chicago Style (1 Basics) -50- ibid. (›16.4.2, »14.29) The use of the abbreviation ibid. in notes. from lat. ibidem: ‘in the same place’ with subsequent in-text citations [‚ ebd. ‘, ‚ ebenda ‘, ‚ ebendort ‘] _____________________ 5 Farmwinkle, Humor of the Midwest, 241. 6 Ibid., 258–59. 7 Ibid. 8 Ibid., 333–34.

51. The Chicago Style (1 Basics) -51- see! - cf.! (»14.37) conferatur! (confer!) – compare! [vergleiche!] _________________ 14 cf. note 5!

52. The Chicago Style (1 Basics) -52- Page + number... p.|23 p.+narrow NBSP+23 non-break space (NBSP, ALT+0160) narrow no-break space (U+202F) [schmales geschütztes Leerzeichen]

53. The Chicago Style (1 Basics) -53- System 2 The author-date system (›18) reference within the text (Blight 2013, 54) without footnotes/endnotes with a bibliography » with a reference list (›18.2, »15.5)

54. The Chicago Style (1 Basics) -54- Example (›18.1, »14.76) running text In this respect Leopold is like the cat, for he too longs for Molly with whom he has not had “carnal intercourse” for almost eleven years, since the death of their baby son Rudy. (Tindall 1959, 151) reference entry Tindall, Y. W. 1959. A Reader’s Guide to James Joyce. New York: The Noonday Press.

55. The Chicago Style (1 Basics) -55- Reference list (›18.2, »15.6) basic structure of a reference list entry: author. date. title:subtitle. publication place: publisher. Tindall, Y. W. 1959. A Reader’s Guide to James Joyce. New York: The Noonday Press. running text In this respect Leopold is like the cat, for he too longs for Molly with whom he has not had “carnal intercourse” for almost eleven years, since the death of their baby son Rudy. 14 (Tindall 1959, 151)

56. The Chicago Style (1 Basics) -56- Reference list (»15.3) reference list: [Literaturverzeichnis] / [Quellenverzeichnis] the year of publication follows the author's name, a reference list cites works that support a particular article, enables the reader to retrieve the sources easily.

57. The Chicago Style (1 Basics) -57- Author-date in footnotes 'author-date' in the Turabian system (with footnote) a) running text... since the death of their baby son Rudy. 1 b) footnote ________________________ 1 Tindall 1959, 151, but see also note 7. c) reference list entry Tindall, Y. W. 1959. A Reader’s Guide to James Joyce. New York: The Noonday Press.

58. The Chicago Style (1 Basics) -58- Articles of the same author Samuelsdorff, Paul Otto. 1966a. „Entwurf einer syntaktischen Analyse des Hebräischen zwecks maschineller Übersetzung. ‟ In Zweites Kolloquium über Syntax natürlicher Sprachen und Datenverarbeitung: Oberwolfach 28.–29. Juni 1965, hrsg. von Klaus Detering und Herbert Pilch, 63–70. Wiesbaden: Steiner. Samuelsdorff, Paul Otto. 1966b. Probleme der maschinellen Übersetzung. Vortrag auf der 6. Kölner Dolmetscher- Arbeitstagung, März 1966. Samuelsdorff, Paul Otto. 1966c. “The Participle in Modern Hebrew: A Study in Automatic Ambiguity Resolution.” In Computation in Linguistics: A Case Book, edited by. Garvin and Spolsky. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.

59. The Chicago Style (1 Basics) -59- Notes ____________________________________ 6 Samuelsdorff P. O. 1966a, 65. 7 Samuelsdorff P. O. 1966b, 5. 8 Samuelsdorff P. O. 1966c, 75. System: Notes-bibliography 6 Samuelsdorff, „Entwurf einer syntaktischen Analyse des Hebräischen zwecks maschineller Übersetzung, ‟ 1966. 7 Samuelsdorff, Probleme der maschinellen Übersetzung. 1966. 8 Samuelsdorff, “The Participle in Modern Hebrew," 1966.

60. The Chicago Style (1 Basics) -60- Periodicals/Journals (›16.1, »14.173) Bibliography Schönhagen, Philomen. „Der Journalist als unbeteiligter Beobachter ‟, Publizistik. Vierteljahreshefte für Kommunikationsforschung 44 (1999), Heft 3, 271-287. ______notes-bibliography_________________ 1 Schönhagen, „Der Journalist als unbeteiligter Beobachter ‟, 285. Reference list (author-date) Schönhagen, Philomen. 1999. „Der Journalist als unbeteiligter Beobachter. ‟ Publizistik. Vierteljahreshefte für Kommunikationsforschung 44, Heft 3, 271-287. ______author-date_________________ 1 Schönhagen, 1999, 285.

61. The Chicago Style (1 Basics) -61- advantages vs. disadvantages notes-bibliography vs. author-date

62. The Chicago Style (1 Basics) -62- Author-date advantages for reader familiar with a field, author who cites mostly one book, reader can easily identify sources, no need of renumbering notes, only substantive notes allowed, no need of ‘ibidem’.

63. The Chicago Style (1 Basics) -63- Author-date disadvantages takes space in the main text body, (The Chicago Manual of Style, 612) except the Turabian Style for footnotes cumbersome reviewing large body of previous work, (Samuelsdorff 1966a, 1966b, 1966c) the date of publication is often not the most important piece of information (Dickens 2003, 10), unclear for non-academic sources (legal cases), the mixing of text with frequent parentheses is confusing, less flexibility, conductive to errors and confusions (for author and readers).

64. The Chicago Style (1 Basics) -64- Author-title MLA The Modern Language Association of America. 2009. Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, 7th edition, New York. running text:... textextxxx.(Tindall, A Reader’s Guide to James Joyce, 23) Bibliography: Tindall, Y. W. 1959. A Reader’s Guide to James Joyce. New York: The Noonday Press..

65. The Chicago Style (1 Basics) -65- End Part I