1. AT91 Interrupt Handling

2. 2 Stops the execution of main software Redirects the program flow, based on an event, to execute a different software subroutine Interrupt behaviour : What are interrupts ? Main loop : Instruction 1 Instruction 2 Instruction 3 Instruction 4 Instruction 5 Interrupt routine : Instruction A Instruction B Instruction C Return from interrupt

3. 3 Interrupt sources (1/2) External Interrupts –Allows an external event to stop program execution –Can alert the core by an edge transition or a level –Signal can originate from external peripherals or systems –Example: external switch closure Interrupts AT91

4. 4 Interrupt sources (2/2) Internal Interrupts –Originate from on-chip peripherals –Notifies core that peripheral needs servicing –Typically can occur at any time –Can originate from software Timer/Counter ADC USART End of conversion Counter overflow End of transmission

5. 5 ARM7TDMI Interrupt Sources Two physically independent sources Fast interrupt : FIQ –Used for fast interrupt handling –Private registers –Enable/disable with F bit in CPSR –Last vector in the exception vector table Interrupt : IRQ –Standard interrupt request –Enable/disable with I bit in CPSR ARM7TDMI Processor IRQ FIQ

6. 6 Advanced Interrupt Controller (1/3) Features –8-level Priority –Up to 32 Interrupt sources –Individually maskable –Hardware interrupt vectoring –Internal Interrupt sources Level sensitive or edge triggered –External Interrupt sources Low/High level sensitive or positive/negative edge triggered

7. 7 Advanced Interrupt Controller (2/3) Block Diagram

8. 8 Advanced Interrupt Controller (3/3)

9. 9 For multi-task systems, it is sometimes useful to share peripherals –Interrupt Mask update is interruptible –Mask Register may be lost Atomic Interrupt Control (1/2) Read IMR Modify Write IMR Read IMR Modify Write IMR OS Scheduler Task 1 Task 2 Task 1Task 2 Peripheral

10. 10 Basic solution is to mask interrupt at core level before modifying IMR ARM7TDMI limitations: –The CPSR is accessible only in ARM state and can be updated only from Privileged Mode –Usual solution is to switch in Supervisor Mode with a SWI AT91 microcontrollers solution: –Enabling or disabling an interrupt request in only one instruction STR rx,[ry,#IER] STR rx,[ry,#IDR] Atomic Interrupt Control (2/2)

11. 11 Each interrupt source is associated with a Source Vector Register (AIC_SVR0-AIC_SVR31) which contains the address of the interrupt handler When the Interrupt Vector Register (AIC_IVR) is read, it automatically returns the contents of the source vector register corresponding to the active interrupt Interrupt Vectors SWI ABORT (Fetch) UNDEF RESET FIQ IRQ ABORT (Data) 0xFFFFF100 0xFFFFF104 0x0000001C 0x00000018 0xFFFFF080 0xFFFFF0FC AIC_FVR AIC_IVR AIC Source vectors AIC_SVR31 AIC Interrupt vectorsARM Exception vectors ldrpc,[pc,#-&F20] Index = Interrupt Id. AIC_SVR30 AIC_SVR0 AIC_SVR1 AIC_ISR

12. 12 The NIRQ line is controlled by an 8-level priority encoder –Each source has a programmable priority level of 7 to 0. Level 7 is the highest priority. The AIC manages the prioritization by using an internal stack on which the current interrupt level is automatically pushed when AIC_IVR is read, and popped when AIC_EOICR is written –Between these two events, the software can manage the state and the mode of the core in order to re-enable the IRQ line and to allow an interrupt with a higher priority. Interrupt Prioritization (1/4)

13. 13 When an interrupt is managed by the processor, R14_irq and SPSR_irq are automatically overwritten without being saved –It is mandatory to save these registers before re-enabling the IRQ line and to restore them before exiting the interrupt routine If the interrupt treatment performs function calls (Branch with link), R14_irq is used. In this case, IRQ can not be re- enabled while the processor is in IRQ mode –It is mandatory to first change the processor mode to SYSTEM mode in order to keep all exceptions available Interrupt Prioritization (2/4)

14. 14 The standard sequence of an interrupt handler is: –Validate the nested interrupts Save R14_irq and SPSR_irq in the IRQ stack Set the mode bits in CPSR with the SYSTEM Mode value Re-enable IRQ by clearing bit I in CPSR –Perfom interrupt treatment call C handler –Disable the nested interrupts Disable IRQ by clearing bit I in CPSR Set the mode bits in CPSR with the IRQ Mode value Restore R14_irq and SPSR_irq from the IRQ stack This sequence is automatically preceded by a read of AIC_IVR and must be followed by a write in AIC_EOICR before exiting from the interrupt Interrupt Prioritization (3/4)

15. 15 Interrupt Prioritization (4/4)

16. 16 A Spurious Interrupt occurs when the ARM7TDMI processor is interrupted and the source of interrupt has disappeared when IVR is read : –With any sources programmed to be level sensitive, if the interrupt signal of the AIC input is de-asserted at the same time as it is taken into account by the ARM7TDMI. –If an interrupt is asserted at the same time as the software is disabling the corresponding source through AIC_IDCR. Spurious Interrupt (1/2) FetchDecodeExecuteLinkretAdjust FetchDecode Fetch STR [xxx_IDR] (0x018) Branch to routine xxx Operation FetchDecodeExecute xxx NIRQ

17. 17 The AIC is able to detect these Spurious Interrupts and returns the Spurious Vector when the IVR is read –The Spurious Vector can be programmed by the user when the vector table is initialized. It is mandatory for the Spurious Interrupt Service Routine to acknowledge the “Spurious” behavior by writing to the AIC_EOICR (End of Interrupt) before returning to the interrupted software. Spurious Interrupt Service Routine Sequence: –Adjust and save lr_irq in stack –Write the End of Interrupt Command Register –Run a trace function if necessary –Returns by restoring LR directly in PC Spurious Interrupt (2/2)

18. 18 Atomic Interrupt Enable/Disable –Interrupt Controller Level –Peripheral Level –Resolve the problem of RISC No Read/Modify/Write Instruction Limit the Spurious Exceptions Fully Secured –Spurious Interrupt Protection Spurious Vector Register –Debugger Protection Protect Mode avoids the debugger to start an interrupt Automatic Vectoring –Speeds up the interrupt handler branching AT91 Interrupt Control Strengths (1/2)

19. 19 Highly Programmable Sources –External Sources Edge/Level Selection –Internal Sources Edge/Level Selection Built In Test Support –Force any Interrupt Assertion High Level Operating System Compatible –Source Status Register gives the current source number –Pending Interrupt Register –NIRQ, NFIQ Signals Mirror AT91 Interrupt Control Strengths (2/2)