1. Chapter 11 Review GENETICS

2. When 2 alleles DON’T BLEND but BOTH SHOW TOGETHER
Heterozygous person who does not show a recessive disorder but can pass a recessive allele on to their offspring
carrier
When 2 alleles DON’T BLEND
but BOTH SHOW TOGETHER
like in A B blood type, it is called
_______________
Codominance incomplete dominance
codominance

3. The diagram at the right is called a _____________
Another name for heterozygous
hybrid
The diagram at the right
is called a _____________
Punnett square

4. DOMINANT Multiple allele trait
__________________ = An allele that MASKS the presence of another allele
Trait determined by more than
two alleles
Multiple allele trait

5. _______________
are different gene
choices for a trait.
ALLELES

6. A dominant gene is represented by a ____________ letter
A dominant gene is represented by a ____________ letter. (usually the first letter of the trait)
capital
When a heterozygous individual shows
a blending of 2 alleles instead of one
being dominant over the other it is called
___________ ____________.
Incomplete dominance

7. Trait determined by a gene located on an X chromosome
When both alleles in the pair are DIFFERENT the organism is
_________________ or _____________
HETEROZYGOUS HYBRID
Trait determined by a gene located on an X chromosome
X-linked trait

8. A cross that involves individuals that are heterozygous for 1 trait
When both alleles in the pair are the SAME the organism is
_________________ or _____________
HOMOZYGOUS PURE (PURE-BREEDING)
A cross that involves individuals that are heterozygous for 1 trait
is called a ____________ cross.
monohybrid

9. Crossing individuals from the P1 generation produces the
Crossing individuals from the F1 generation produces the
____ generation. F2

10. and provides blood types
X or Y chromosomes that determine sex of an individual
Sex chromosomes
Molecule found on the surface of cells which helps cells recognize “self”
and provides blood types
glycoproteins

11. The genetic makeup of an individual; “the genes it has”
Chromosome that is not a sex chromosome
autosome
The genetic makeup of an individual; “the genes it has”
genotype

12. RECESSIVE POLYGENIC trait
__________________ = An allele that is MASKED BY the presence of another allele
Trait determined by two or more genes
POLYGENIC trait

13. Process in sexual reproduction in which male and female reproductive cells join to form a new cell; joining of an egg and sperm
specific characteristic that varies from one individual to another;
Fertilization
trait

14. PURE or PURE (TRUE) BREEDING
Term used to describe organisms that produce offspring identical to themselves if allowed to self-pollinate
PURE or PURE (TRUE) BREEDING

15. HETEROZYGOUS or HYBRID
Offspring of crosses between parents with different traits; Refers to organisms with one dominant and one recessive allele (Tt)
HETEROZYGOUS or HYBRID

16. The separation of alleles when homologous chromosomes separate to form gametes
Specialized cells involved in sexual reproduction; also called sperm and egg cells
SEGREGATION
GAMETES

17. INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT
The random mixing of maternal and paternal chromosomes when homologous chromosomes separate during Anaphase I to form gametes (sperm or egg cells) during meiosis
INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT

18. RECESSIVE POLYGENIC trait
__________________ = An allele that is MASKED BY the presence of another allele
Trait determined by two or more genes
POLYGENIC trait

19. A cross between heterozygous individuals with 2 traits
is called a ____________ cross.
dihybrid

20. When 2 alleles DON’T BLEND but BOTH SHOW TOGETHER
Who is the “Father of Genetics”?
Gregor Mendel
When 2 alleles DON’T BLEND
but BOTH SHOW TOGETHER
like in A B blood type, it is called
_______________
Codominance incomplete dominance
codominance

21. Transmission of characteristics from parents to offspring is called ___________________.
_____________ is the study of how characteristics are passed on from one generation to the next.
heredity
Genetics

22. __________________ = An allele that IS MASKED BY the
RECESSIVE
__________________ = An allele that IS MASKED BY the
presence of another allele
The appearance of an organism is
its _____________
phenotype

23. The diagram at the right is called a _____________
Another name for heterozygous
hybrid
The diagram at the right
is called a _____________
Punnett square

24. DOMINANT Incomplete dominance
__________________ = An allele that MASKS the presence of another allele
Red and white flowers producing pink offspring is an example of
_______________________
Codominance incomplete dominance
Incomplete dominance

25. A recessive gene is represented by a _________________ letter.
lower case
What phenotypic ratio would you expect to see in offspring from a
monohybrid cross of 2 heterozygous parents?
3:1 Dominant:recessive

26. A dominant gene is represented by a ____________ letter
A dominant gene is represented by a ____________ letter. (usually the first letter of the trait)
capital
When a heterozygous individual shows
a blending of 2 alleles instead of one
being dominant over the other it is called
___________ ____________.
Incomplete dominance

27. What phenotype ratio is a clue that there has been a dihybrid cross
When both alleles in the pair are the SAME the organism is _______________ or __________
HOMOZYGOUS PURE
What phenotype ratio is a clue
that there has been a dihybrid cross
between 2 heterozygous parents?
9:3:3:1

28. pink R = red flowers r = white flowers Red
An Rr organism would have ____________ flowers if this trait was COMPLETELY DOMINANT.
pink
An Rr organism would have ____________ flowers if
this trait was INCOMPLETELY DOMINANT.
BOTH
red & white
An Rr organism would have ______________ flowers if this trait was CODOMINANT.

29. The offspring of the P1 generation are called the ____ generation
What are Mendel’s 2 laws of heredity?
Law of Segregation Law of Independent Assortment
The offspring of the P1 generation
are called the ____ generation F1

30. TRUE or FALSE A person with Type O blood could
Give an example of a trait that
shows incomplete dominance
flower color in Four o’clocks
TRUE or FALSE A person with Type O blood could
be a blood donor for a person with
Type AB blood.
True; Type O is the universal donor

31. A cross that involves only 1 trait is called a ____________ cross.
When both alleles in the pair are DIFFERENT the organism is
_________________ or _____________
HETEROZYGOUS HYBRID
A cross that involves only 1 trait
is called a ____________ cross.
monohyrid

32. T = Tall
t = short
The genotype of the offspring from the
cross at the right is _________.
Their phenotype is _________. Tt
tall

33. Another name for homozygous is ________.
Which of the following genotypes
is homozygous?
TT Ww Bb rr mm BB Tt
TT rr mm BB
Another name for homozygous is
________.
pure

34. Which of these Punnett squares would you
use to predict the offspring of a DIHYBRID cross?
This one!

35. Which of the following genotypes is from a heterozygous organism?
In the cross at the
right __________
is dominant for flower color.
red
Which of the following genotypes
is from a heterozygous organism?
Tt SS bb Mm Rr kk
Tt Mm Rr

36. chromosomes during ___________
DNA
A gene is a segment of _______
that codes for a trait.
The Law of Segregation and the Law of Independent Assortment are the result of the movement of
chromosomes during ___________
mitosis meiosis
meiosis

37. Crossing a red haired horse with a white haired horse produces a roan colored horse.
(Both alleles for hair color show together). This kind of inheritance is called ___________________
Co-dominance

38. What type of genotype is used to make a test cross?
Homozygous recessive
Name the X-linked recessive genetic disorder which causes excessive bleeding.
hemophilia

39. In guinea pigs, black fur (B) is dominant over brown fur (b).
If a black Guinea pig is crossed with
a brownGuinea pig and the litter
contains a brown baby, the genotype
of the black parent is probably
BB Bb bb
Bb; Must have one B to be black must have one b to pass on to baby

40. Crossing individuals from the P1 generation produces the
A gene is a segment of ______.
DNA PROTEIN RNA CARBOHYDRATE
DNA

41. green L = Blue legs l = yellow legs Blue
An Rr organism would have ____________ legs if this trait was COMPLETELY DOMINANT.
green
An Rr organism would have ____________ legs if
this trait was INCOMPLETELY DOMINANT.
BOTH
Blue & yellow
An Rr organism would have ______________ legs if this trait was CODOMINANT.

42. Crossing individuals from the F1 generation produces the
A person with this type of blood could DONATE to Type __________blood
A or AB

43. 1 PP:2 Pp:1 pp all Pp 1 PP:2 Pp:1 pp In a monohybrid cross of two
HETEROZYGOUS parents (Pp), you would expect the offspring to be:
1 pp:3 PP 3 Pp:1 pp
1 PP:2 Pp:1 pp all Pp
1 PP:2 Pp:1 pp

44. blood cell from a person with Type AB blood.
Draw a picture of a
blood cell from a person with Type AB blood.
This person could give blood to an
individual with type ________ blood.
This blood type is called the universal
_________________. AB
RECIPIENT

45. blood cell from a person with Type O blood.
Draw a picture of a
blood cell from a person with Type O blood.
No change. There are NO A, B, or O proteins on the surface of a type O cell.
This blood type is called the universal
_________________.
DONOR

46. blood cell from a person with Type A blood.
Draw a picture of a
blood cell from a person with Type A blood.
This person could give blood to an individual with type __________ blood
A or AB

47. blood cell from a person with Type A blood.
Draw a picture of a
blood cell from a person with Type A blood.
This person could give blood to an individual with type __________ blood
B or AB

48. Tell the molecule found on the surface
Name another blood type you learned about besides the A,B,O system.
Rh (positive and negative)
Tell the molecule found on the surface
of cells which helps cells recognize “self”
and provides blood types
glycoproteins

49. G g G g GG Gg gg The parents in this cross are _____________ 75
Homozygous Heterozygous
Heterozygous G g GG Gg gg
If G is dominant for green pods and g is recessive for yellow pods, what percentage of the offspring will have green pods? _______% 75

50. B b
The genotype of the offspring in the blue box is _______ bb
The offspring in the blue box is
homozygous heterozygous
homozygous

51. Another name for pure is _________________ homozygous
In guinea pigs black fur (B) is dominant over brown fur (b). The Punnett square for a cross between a HETEROZYGOUS black guinea pig and a PURE brown guinea pig would look like B b B b B b B b
This is the
Correct setup
Heterozygous = Bb
Pure brown = bb
Another name for pure is _________________
homozygous

52. A o AA Ao B AB Bo
The alleles for blood type show 2 kinds of inheritance..
The following statements are TRUE or FALSE?
F A & B are codominant
A is dominant over B.
O is dominant over A.
A is dominant over O.
B and A are co-dominant
A is incompletely dominant over O.
O is recessive to A and to B
F O is recessive to both A & B T T F T

53. An organism has the genotype Xy.
What are the possible sperm it can produce?
______ ______
X y
THINK ABOUT IT:
If females have an XX genotype and can only give X genes, which parent is the one that determines whether the baby is a boy or girl?
Father ;
The mother always gives an X
If the father gives a y, it’s a boy.
If the father gives an X; it’s a girl.

54. If you cross a homozygous RED flowered four o’clock plant with a homozygous WHITE flowered plant, ALL of the offspring produced have PINK flowers.
This type of inheritance in which the heterozygote (Rr) shows a blending of traits is called __________.
A. Dominant/recessive inheritance
B. Co-dominance
C. Incomplete dominance
Incomplete dominance

55. Red throats (R) are dominant over white (r) throats in Goonie birds.
R r r
Red throats (R) are dominant over white (r)
throats in Goonie birds.
Make a cross between a PURE RECESSIVE and a HETEROZYGOUS Goonie bird.
Rr rr
Rr rr
50% red throats
50% white throats
What are the possible phenotypes of their offspring?
(% and color)

56. Black eyes (B) are dominant over red eyes (b) in rats.
B b B b
Black eyes (B) are dominant over red eyes (b) in rats.
Make a cross between two HETEROZYGOUS rats.
BB Bb
Bb bb
What are the possible phenotypes of their offspring?
(% and color)
75 % black eyes
25% red eyes

57. The parents in this cross are _____________
Homozygous Heterozygous
Homozygous
If W is dominant for long wings and w is recessive for short wings, what percentage of these offspring will have short wings? _______%
0% only ww makes it short

58. Who is the “Father of Genetics”?
Gregor Mendel
Which of the following genotypes could be from a HETEROZYGOUS organism?
TT Rr Ww bb XX Ss
Rr Ww Ss

59. hybrid What kind of cross is this? Pure dominant X pure recessive
Heterozygous X heterozygous
Heterozygous X homozygous
Hybrid recessive X hybrid pure
Heterozygous X Homozygous
hybrid
Another name for heterozygous is _______________

60. In Reebops curly tails (T) are dominant over straight tails (t).
Make a cross between a HOMOZYGOUS DOMINANT and a HOMOZYGOUS RECESSIVE Reebop.
T T t
Tt Tt
Tt Tt
What is the probability the offspring will have straight tails? 0%
All will be Curly tailed (Tt)

61. What do we call the offspring of the F1 generation?
Which of the following genotypes could be from a HOMOZYGOUS RECESSIVE organism?
TT bb Rr Ww tt XX aa
bb tt aa

62. A a
The genotype of the offspring in the blue box is _______
homozygous heterozygous
heterozygous
How many of the offspring from this cross will show the dominant characteristic?
¾ (75%) – AA and Aa

63. G g GG Gg gg Green pods G is dominant for green pods.
g is recessive for yellow pods.
What is the genotype of the offspring in the shaded box? Gg
What is the phenotype of the offspring in the shaded box?
Green pods

64. Which of the following is NOT TRUE?
Genotype determines phenotype
Alleles are different forms of the same gene.
Genotype is the way the genes
make you look.
Organisms with different genotypes can have the same phenotype. T T F T
Tt and TT both look tall

65. What are the 3 different kinds of inheritance you learned about?
Dominant/recessive
Incomplete dominance
Co-dominance
Offspring of the P1 generation are called
______ F1

66. What are the possible offspring of a cross between a blood type AB mom and a type O dad?
Ao Bo
Ao Bo
What are the probable blood types of the offspring?
50% Type A
50% Type B

67. Purple (P)is the dominant color for monsters. Yellow is recessive (p).
Make a cross between a HOMOZYGOUS purple and a yellow monster.
P P p
Pp Pp
What will the offspring be like?
(% and color)
100% purple

68. What genotype would a PURPLE dad have to be to make a yellow monster baby with a Purple (Pp) mom monster? P p ? pp Pp
Dad needs to have: a little p to give one to the baby
a big P to be purple himself

69. o Ao Ao Wilma and Fred are going to have a baby.
Fred in AA and Wilma is oo.
What are the possible blood types of their baby?
A A o
Ao Ao
100% will have A type blood

70. o Ao Ao Wilma and Fred are going to have a baby.
Fred in AA and Wilma is oo.
What are the possible blood types of their baby?
A A o
Ao Ao
100% will have A type blood

71. Dominant Dominant Recessive Recessive
FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH THE WORDS
Dominant OR Recessive
In a DIHYBRID HETEROZYGOUS cross the offspring that are
9/16 are _______________ for both traits.
3/16 are _____________ for one trait and
_____________ for the other.
1/16 are _____________ for both traits.
Dominant
Dominant
Recessive
Recessive

72. How would you write a genotype of a male with an X-linked recessive genetic disorder like hemophilia
XhY
________________ can be carriers of X-linked recessive traits only females only males
Both males and females
ONLY FEMALES

73. How would you write a genotype of a female who is a carrier for an X-linked recessive genetic disorder like hemophilia
Xh XH
Both males & females
________________ can be carriers of AUTOSOMAL recessive traits only females only males
Both males and females

74. What are the 3 different kinds of inheritance you learned about?
Dominant/recessive
Incomplete dominance
Co-dominance
Offspring of the P1 generation are called
______ F1

75. What are the 3 different kinds of inheritance you learned about?
Dominant/recessive
Incomplete dominance
Co-dominance
Offspring of the P1 generation are called
______ F1

76. A heterozygous person that does not show a recessive trait but carries the recessive allele and can pass it to their offspring is called a _____________
carrier

77. X-linked recessive disorder which causes a person to be unable to distinguish red and green colors
Name the X-linked recessive genetic disorder which causes excessive bleeding.
colorblindness
HEMOPHILIA

78. Name the two X-linked recessive disorders you learned about
A B O blood groups are an example of a _______________
trait
X-linked multiple allele polygenic
Colorblindness & hemophilia
Multiple allele

79. Hair color, skin color, height, Intelligence . . . There are more!
Name the two X-linked recessive disorders you learned about
Give an example of a polygenic trait in humans
Colorblindness & hemophilia
Hair color, skin color, height,
Intelligence There are more!

80. X-linked recessive traits show up more frequently in ________ males females
Which combination of sex chromosomes do males have?
males
They don’t have a “back up” X XY

81. XX Which parent determines the sex of a child?
Which combination of sex chromosomes do females have?
DAD – give X to daughters and Y to sons XX

82. Name the branch of genetics that studies the molecules added to DNA that control which genes are turned on or off.
Name the chemical “tags” added to DNA to silence genes
epigenetics
Methyl groups

83. Name some environmental factors that can add or remove epigentic “tags” on DNA
Adding methyl groups to DNA turns genes ______ on off
Diet, exercise, stress, chemicals in environment
OFF