1. Pg 145

3. The four different blood groups A B AB O

4. The proteins found on the surface of the RBC are also known as antigen. Note: These antigens do not stimulate the lymphocytes to produce antibodies. The four different blood groups

5. Classification of blood types are based on the type of antigens found on the surface of red blood cells. The four different blood groups

7. ‘Natural antibodies’ Natural antibodies found in our blood. Antigens react with antibodies. Natural antibodiesAntibodies Occurs naturally and always present in the body. Produced only in the presence of foreign objects like bacteria/virus.

9. Agglutination of blood Clumping / agglutination of blood occurs when: – Antigen A reacts with antibody a – Antigen B reacts with antibody b

10. Agglutination of blood Blood clumps block up small blood vessels and obstruct the flow of blood.

11. What happens when different blood groups are mixed in blood transfusion?

12. Blood donors Blood receivers Agglutination of donor’s RBCs

13. Why is blood group AB called the universal acceptor? Absent of antibodies in the plasma. No reaction with antigens on other RBCs. “AB – sounds like acceptor”

14. Why is blood group O called the universal donor? No surface antigen on blood group O. Will not react with natural antibodies in other blood group. Antibodies a and b in the donor’s plasma would be diluted by the recipient's blood. Hence no effects of the antibodies on the recipient's RBC.

15. In summary Blood groupReceive blood from AA,O BB,O ABA,B,AB,O OO

16. Testing for blood group Unknown X Antibody AAntibody B Check for Agglutination Antigen A – antibody a Antigen B – antibody b

17. Test Yourself [pg145] a) X – Blood group B Y – Blood group AB Z – Blood group O b) Serum from A contains antibody B. reacts with antigen B found on RBC to cause clumping.

18. C) Blood group O d) A, AB e) No surface antigen to cause agglutination of RBC. Antibodies a and b in the donor’s plasma would be diluted by the recipient's blood. Hence antibodies has no effects on the recipient's RBC. Test Yourself [pg145]