1. History of Educational Technology

2. Educational Technology “Technology is commonly thought of in terms of gadgets, instruments, machines and devices … most (educators) will defer to technology as computers.” (Muffoletto, 1994)

3. Educational Technology The history of “Educational technology … can be traced back to the time when tribal priests systematized bodies of knowledge, and early cultures invented pictographs or sign writing to record and transmit information.” (Paul Saettler, 1990)

4. History of “Computers”  Abacus---Approximately 3000 BC  Calculators---1600s  Punched Card Devices---1800s  First Electronic Computers---1940s  Mainframes---1950s  Minicomputers---1960s  Microcomputers---1970s  Microcomputer Systems---1980s  Internet---1990s

5. Ancient Computing History The Abacus Mechanical aid used for counting and making quick calculations Still in use around the world.

6. Early Computing History Invented the first mechanical calculator. The Pascaline used cogs and gears to solve math equations. Blaise Pascal

7. Mechanical Calculators Joseph Jacquard  First “programmable” machine.  Used punched cards (binary instructions) to automate weaving loom.  Punched cards were a staple of early and modern computer programming.

8. Electronic Computer Systems  Used vacuum tubes in electronic circuits.  Used punch cards to input and externally store data.  Up to 4K of memory.  Programming in machine language and assembly language.  Required a compiler. First Generation:1943-1956

9. World’s first electronic digital computer. Used to produce WWII ballistic firing tables for the U.S. Defense Department. Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator (ENIAC)

10. 1956 IBM 350 RAMAC Second Generation: 1957-1964  Used transistors, developed by Bell Labs.  Up to 32K of memory.  Programming in computer languages, such as FORTRAN and COBOL.

11. Third Generation: 1965-1971  Used integrated circuits.  Up to 3 million bytes of memory.  Lower cost, smaller size, and increasing processor speed.

12.  1971, Intel develops 4004, the first microprocessor chip.  Altair sold in 1975, the first personal computer. It is a kit that must be assembled.  Apple Computer is formed in 1976 and sells 50 Apple I.  Advances increase memory size, storage space, and processing speeds. Fourth Generation: 1972-Now Microcomputer Revolution Begins.

13.  Personal computers or PCs.  Usually cost about $2,000 or less.  Process over 1 billion operations per second.  “Stand-alone” or connected to other computers as a network system. Fourth Generation: 1972-Now Microcomputers TEA

14. Tim Berners-Lee  Developed HTML and the World Wide Web (WWW) was born. 1990’s Connecting the World

15. Marc Andreessen  An original developer of Mosaic, the first browser software able to read HTML.  Co-founder of Netscape Communications. 1990’s Connecting the World

16.  Technologies of the Future  Advanced robotics commonplace  Smart houses  Wearable computers  Holodeck virtual reality  Truly individualized education The 21st Century

17.  Only recently focused on computers  Internet current primary trend.  Communication with colleagues.  Lesson plan preparation.  Student resources.  Access research and best practices for teaching. 05:34.0 TEA

18. Educational Technology “So therefore, a combination of the processes and tools involved in addressing educational needs and problems, with an emphasis on applying the most current tools: computers and their related technologies.” (M. D. Roblyer, 2000)