1. History of Educational Technology
Where Are We Going &
Where Have We Been

2. Educational Technology
Objectives:
To identify events and devices of the past that contributed to the technological revolution.
To examine the organizations and their viewpoints that have shaped technology use in the classroom today.
To prepare for the future in educational technology by analyzing current trends and advances.

3. Educational Technology
“Technology is commonly thought of in terms of gadgets, instruments, machines and devices … most (educators) will defer to technology as computers.”
(Muffoletto, 1994)
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4. Educational Technology
The history of “Educational technology … can be traced back to the time when tribal priests systemized bodies of knowledge, and early cultures invented pictographs or sign writing to record and transmit information.”
(Paul Saettler, 1990)

5. History of “Computers”
Abacus---Approximately 3000 BC
Calculators s
Punched Card Devices s
First Electronic Computers s
Mainframes s
Minicomputers s
Microcomputers s
Microcomputer Systems s
Internet s

6. Ancient Computing History
The Abacus
Mechanical aid used for counting and making quick calculations.
Still in use around
the world.
Find out more about the Abacus in Resources.

7. Early Computing History
Blaise Pascal
Invented the first mechanical calculator.
The Pascaline used cogs and gears to solve math equations.

8. Mechanical Calculators
Joseph Jacquard
First “programmable” machine.
Used punched cards (binary instructions) to automate weaving loom.
Punched cards were a staple of early and modern computer programming.

9. Electronic Computer Systems
First Generation:
Used vacuum tubes in electronic circuits.
Used punch cards to input and externally store data.
Up to 4K of memory.
Programming in machine language and assembly language.
Required a compiler.

10. Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator (ENIAC)
First Generation:
Electronic Numerical Integrator
and Calculator (ENIAC)
World’s first electronic digital computer.
Used to produce WWII ballistic firing tables for the U.S. Defense Department.
Check out the ENIAC exhibit.

11. Visit the Computing History Timeline in Resources.
Second Generation:
1956 IBM 350 RAMAC
Used transistors, developed by Bell Labs.
Up to 32K of memory.
Programming in computer languages, such as FORTRAN and COBOL.
Visit the Computing History Timeline in Resources.

12. Third Generation: 1965-1971 Used integrated circuits.
Up to 3 million bytes of memory.
Lower cost, smaller size, and increasing processor speed.

13. Fourth Generation: 1972-Now
Microcomputer Revolution Begins.
1971, Intel develops 4004, the first microprocessor chip.
Altair sold in 1975, the first personal computer. It is a kit that must be assembled.
Apple Computer is formed in 1976 and sells 50 Apple I.
Advances increase memory size, storage space, and processing speeds.

14. Fourth Generation: 1972-Now
Microcomputers
Personal computers or PCs.
Usually cost about $2,000 or less.
Process over 1 billion operations per second.
“Stand-alone” or connected to other computers as a network system.
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15. 1990’s Connecting the World
Tim Berners-Lee
Developed HTML and the World Wide Web (WWW) was born.

16. 1990’s Connecting the World
Marc Andreessen
An original developer of Mosaic, the first browser software able to read HTML.
Co-founder of Netscape Communications.

17. The 21st Century Technologies of the Future
Advanced robotics commonplace
Smart houses
Wearable computers
Holodeck virtual reality
Truly individualized education
Check out Dave Moursund’s view of education in the year 2015, one of the Resources.

18. The 21st Century Only recently focused on computers.
Internet current primary trend.
Communication with colleagues.
Lesson plan preparation.
Student resources.
Access research and best practices for teaching.
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19. Educational Technology
Source information: NCES 2000 Summer Issue

20. Educational Technology
Our Definition:
“A combination of the processes and tools involved in addressing educational needs and problems, with an emphasis on applying the most current tools: computers and their related technologies.” (M. D. Roblyer, 2000)

21. Educational Technology
Has technology changed how and what we teach?

22. Educational Technology
Two trends of today’s society:
Explosive increase in number and type of technology resources available.
Dramatic decrease in total cost of ownership (TCO).
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23. Educational Technology
IBM unveils first PC in 1981.
CPU: Intel 4.77 MHz 8088
Memory: 64K
Storage: Single-sided, 160K 5” floppy disk drive
Display: 12 inch monochrome
Price: $
Read about
IBM Through the Years in Resources.

24. Educational Technology
Change in educational philosophy of what constitutes basic skills
No longer just three R’s
“Learning to learn” skills essential
Lifelong learning
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25. Four Different Views
Association for Educational Communications & Technology (AECT)
International Society for Performance Improvement (ISPI)
International Technology Education Association (ITEA)
International Society for Technology in Education (ISTE)

26. Four Different Views AECT Audiovisual Media Communications.
Begun in 1923.
Initially centered on radio.
Quickly extended focus to include instructional film strips and educational television.
Today, it includes global satellite broadcasting, two-way audio, and visual communications.

27. Visit the AECT web site from Resources.
Four Different Views
AECT
“Branch of educational theory and practice concerned primarily with the design and use of messages which control the learning process.”
(Saettler, 1990, p. 9)
Publications:
TechTrends
Handbook of Research for Educational Communications and Technology
Visit the AECT web site from Resources.

28. Four Different Views ISPI
Instructional systems approach based on Behaviorist theories
“Systematic approach to designing, developing, and delivering instruction matched to carefully identified needs.”
(Heinich, Molenda, Russell, & Smaldino, 1997)

29. Explore ISPI resources at the ISPI web site.
Four Different Views
ISPI
Publications:
Performance Improvement Journal
Performance Improvement Quarterly
Explore ISPI resources at the ISPI web site.

30. Four Different Views ITEA Industry trainers and vocational teachers.
Schools should prepare students for work force Learning about technology as used in the “real world” is essential.

31. Find out more at the ITEA web site.
Four Different Views
ITEA
Includes robotics, manufacturing systems, computer-assisted design (CAD).
Publications:
The Technology Teacher
Technology and Children
The Journal of Technology Education
Find out more at the ITEA web site.

32. Four Different Views ISTE
Primary focus encompassed both instructional and support applications of computers.
Begun by trainers and educators who predicted that computers would revolutionize education.
Influenced by technical personnel, such as programmers and systems analysts.

33. ISTE’s website is one of the Resources.
Four Different Views
ISTE
National Educational Technology Standards for Students and Teachers (NETS)
Publications:
Learning and Leading with Technology (formerly The Computing Teacher)
Journal of Research on Computing in Education
ISTE’s website is one of the Resources.

34. Modern Ed Tech History Mainframe Computer Systems
First instructional use of computers was as a flight simulator used to train pilots at MIT in 1950.

35. Modern Ed Tech History Mainframe Computer Systems
First use in public schools taught New York elementary students binary arithmetic in 1959.

36. Modern Ed Tech History Mainframe Computer Systems
Federal funds supported many large-scale projects in mainframe computer-assisted instruction (CAI) in schools, colleges, and universities through the middle of 1970’s.

37. Modern Ed Tech History Mainframe Computer Systems
Stanford University – first multimedia learning station, Course writer
Programmed Logic for Automatic Teaching Operations (PLATO)
BYU – Time-shared Interactive Computer-Controlled Information Television (TICCIT)

38. Modern Ed Tech History Mainframe Computer Systems
Designed to support personalized mastery learning
Individually Prescribed Instruction (IPI) - University of Pittsburgh
Program for Learning in Accordance with Needs (PLAN) - American Institutes of Research

39. Modern Ed Tech History National Education Computing Conference (NECC)
Created by mainframe programming enthusiasts from universities nationwide.
First conference held in1979.
Today is the largest educational technology conference in U.S. with attendance of 10,000+ people.

40. Modern Ed Tech History Microcomputers in Education
Introduced in late 1970’s.
Adopted by public school systems during 1980’s.
Apple II
Commodore PET
Radio Shack TRS - 80

41. Modern Ed Tech History Software
Early courseware developed for mainframes were provided by:
Large hardware manufacturers
Software systems companies
University development projects
New microcomputer software market driven primarily by educators.

42. Modern Ed Tech History Software
Minnesota Educational Computing Consortium (MECC)
Initially largest provider of educational software.
Funded by National Science Foundation.
MicroSift, EPIE
Provided courseware evaluations.

43. Modern Ed Tech History Software Authoring systems
Response to educators quest for input into design of educational software.
Allowed educators to develop their own courseware.
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44. Modern Ed Tech History Software Authoring systems
Required extensive expertise.
Extended time commitment.
Expanded work investment.
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45. Modern Ed Tech History Computer Literacy
Originally defined as programming skills and tools such as word processing.
Today’s world can only agree that the term refers to skills that are constantly changing.
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46. Modern Ed Tech History Seymour Papert
Educational theorist mentored by Jean Piaget.
Developed programming language for young children based on constructivist theory of education.
Raised national consciousness about potential of technology to change the educational system.
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47. Modern Ed Tech History The Internet and the WWW
Biggest challenge for the public educational system has been how to prepare schools physically and train teachers effectively for its use in the classroom.
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48. What We’ve Learned
Computer literacy or knowledge of computer applications is a moving target.
Teaching students technical skills for today is valuable.
More important are “learning to learn” tools for tomorrow and years to come.
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49. What We’ve Learned
Computer-based materials are just one component of resources available to educational system.
Integration of technology as a tool to advance learning in the content areas adds to the effectiveness of other resources and teacher created activities.
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50. What We’ve Learned
Development of technology materials and integration strategies is time intensive and should not be a classroom teacher’s primary responsibility – You’ve got enough to do!
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51. What We’ve Learned
Educators must keep pace with technological advances.
But often times technology changes faster than the educational environment.
Business and Industry must do it’s part in providing economical technology solutions.
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52. What We’ve Learned Teachers will always be necessary!
Definition of learning environments are changing.
Identity of classrooms must change.
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53. What We’ve Learned
Our models of effective instruction must change too!
Educators must be more than:
Sage on the Stage
Guide on the Side
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54. What We’ve Learned Vet in the Net
Today’s teacher must be willing to be:
A participating learner in the classroom.
One who will take the same risks and not always have the right answer.
A veteran learner in a network of learners called the classroom.
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