1. Plant and Fungi Diversification
Chapter 12

2. Plants

4. Strange examples Strangler fig tree Seed dropped by bird
Grows roots to soil
Grows up to sun
Spreads around host
Hardens to form a tree
Ficus

6. Plant Diversity
Plant groups – based on evolutionary changes as plants moved from an aquatic existence to a terrestrial existence.
Algae – both single celled and multicellular are aquatic.
Supported by water
Gamete exchange via water
Nutrient uptake from water (lack true roots)
Lifecycle – basis for that of other plants
First terrestrial plants show up around mya in fossil record; Alternation of generations – recall aphids – asex and sex generations alternate. What is advantage?

7. Adaptations for life on land
plants
animals
Remember animals – how does it compare?

8. Bryophytes – non-vascular plants
Most primitive land plants
Mosses, hornworts, liverworts
Moss and liverwort

9. Algae life cycle Moss life cycle
Sperm swims to eggs – must be in a moist habitat at least when reproduce

10. Lower Vascular Plants Ferns, club mosses, horsetails
Horsetail shown; fossil ferns the size of trees

11. Fern life cycle

12. Vascular Plants with seeds
2 groups:
Gymnosperms
Angiosperms
Sporophyte dominance is complete
Sperm travels in pollen
No longer needs water or moisture to reproduce. Gametophyte is buried in pollen grain or egg supporting structures; only one species of ginkgo left today

16. What key adaptations have contributed to the overwhelming success of seed plants?
Pollen transfers sperm to eggs without the need for water
Seeds protect, nourish, and help disperse plant embryos
Female gametophytes of seed plants are protected on the sporophyte plant.
All of the above
Only a and b are correct

17. Angiosperms – Flowering plants
Seed bearing and flower bearing
Dominant group today
Pollen is transported by animals attracted to flowers
Double fertilization

19. Flower Structure

21. Angiosperm life cycle

23. Gametophyte vs sporophyte generations; Note 2 sperm from pollen grain.

24. Seed Dispersal

26. The right side of this diagram of a moss life cycle represents:
a) the haploid stage. b) the diploid stage. c) the egg. d) meiosis. e) fertilization.

27. Early seed plants were pollinated by:
a) birds. b) box turtles. c) butterflies. d) bees. e) wind.

28. The Fungi

29. Fungi – closer to animals than plants

31. General Characteristics
Note: covered in chapter 17 along with plant diversity

32. Animal similarities Heterotrophic – some even parasitic
Chitin in cell walls (animals don’t have cell walls, but exoskeleton of some inverts = chitin; plant cell walls = cellulose)
Genetic analysis indicates a shared ancestry about 1 billion years ago
Earliest = chytrids have flagellated spores
Mycelium on leaves. Unikonts = animals and fungi

35. Some examples – zygote fungus
Sporangium = spore forming body. Meiosis = mixing of genes from 2 mating types.

36. Example 2 – Club fungus

39. Parasitic forms on plants and animals
Ergot – replaces plant’s seeds to disperse. If eaten, causes illness.
Smuts and rusts
90% of plants have arbuscules (fungal symbiote in tissues). (Mention glomerulus of kidney.) Ergot – LSD, chemicals that help with high blood pressure and stopping bleeding.

40. Used in making food such as cheese and bread
Chemicals used as antibiotics
Decompose hard to digest plant tissue
Lichens = fungus and algal cells
Shelf fungus = type of club fungus

41. What is the heterokaryotic stage of a fungus?
The spore forming stage during asexual reproduction.
The spore forming stage during sexual reproduction.
The stage in which each cell has two different nuclei, one from each parent.
The stage in which each cell has two copies of a diploid nucleus that will form spores.
Only single celled fungi have this stage and it comes just prior to sexual reproduction.

42. What do you think is the function of the antibiotics that fungi produce in their natural environments?
Block the growth of microorganisms, especially prokaryotes that compete with the fungi for nutrients and other resources.
This is an example of a symbiotic chemical that helps protect the host of the fungus by killing off its prokaryote pathogens.
The chemicals that we use as antibiotics are digestive enzymes that help the fungus breakdown plant tissues for absorption.

43. Fungi are in the chapter on Plant diversity because they are capable of photosynthesis like plants.
True
False

44. Fungi absorb food after digesting it outside their bodies.
True
False

45. Read Chapter 14 Population Ecology