1. Second Industrial Revolution: la belle époque European History

2. Change in Population from 1820- 1900

3. Migration of late 19 th Century What three factors contributed to the mobility of European at this time? What parts of the world benefitted most from the migration of individuals?

5. The Great Exhibition  London, 1851 – world’s first industrial fair  Crystal Palace 6 million visitors in 6 months Human domination over nature  Prince Albert, “ man is approaching a more complete fulfillment of that great and sacred mission which he has to perform in this world…to conquer nature to his use…we are accomplishing the will of the great and blessed God.” Britain = “workshop, banker, and trader of the world”

6. Crystal Palace

7. Science Triumphs: “Second” IR  SIGNIFICANCE: 1) Impact of ideas and products wide spread 2) Optimism in human progress 3) Science = only way to truth  New Products Steel Chemicals Electricity Petroleum

8. Steel  = lighter, smaller, faster machines, engines, ships, railways, and weapons  By 1910 America = #1 producer, Germany #2, GB #3

9. Chemicals  France & Germany in lead Alkalies & artificial dyes revolutionize soap, textile, paper industries Photographic plates and film Chemical fertilizers

11. Electricity  Thermodynamics Sig: impacts heat, light, motion & communication  Michael Faraday – electromagnetism (electric engine)  Thomas Edison (AM) & Joseph Swan (GB) - electric lighting  Alexander Graham Bell (AM) – telephone, 1876  Electric Streetcar – Berlin, 1879  Guglielmo Marconi – radio waves across Atlantic, 1901  Factories – conveyor belts, cranes, machines

13. World in Motion  Internal combustion engine, 1878 (gas & air)  Gottlieb Daimler, 1886 – light engine Automobile – 1900=9000 cars; 1916=750,000 Henry Ford (AM) & mass production  1900 Zeppelin airship  1903 Wright Brothers WWI = boom in aircraft industry 1919 = 1 st commercial aircraft

15. Petroleum: new coal  demand up due to new machines and modes of transport Standard Oil Company (US) British Shell Oil Royal Dutch Petroleum

16. Economic Zones by 1900  Industrialized Zone = GB, Belgium, Germany, France, Netherlands, Austro-Hungarian Empire (West), Italy (North) High standard of living, education, healthier, system of transportation  Agricultural Zone = Italy (south), Austro- Hungarian Empire (East), Spain, Portugal, Balkan kingdoms, Russia Providers of raw materials and food Decline in price of food makes farming difficult – large farms develop  By 1870 Russia and Japan begin industrialization  World economy = interdependency of goods & products

17. Economic Difficulties  European farming suffers due to farming outside of Europe BUT Cost of consumer goods falls  Several lg. banks fail SO industrial stagnation in some areas BUT standard of living keeps increasing  Unemployment, strikes support growth of unions, labor and socialist parties

18. UPSWING of 2 nd Ind. Revolution??  All classes have more money to spend on non-essential items  Larger markets in urban areas spur further industrialization  Leads to department stores, chain stores, mail-order catalogs, advertising = new jobs  Imperialism – new markets available overseas BUT at what price??