1. Myers’ Psychology for AP* David G. Myers *AP is a trademark registered and/or owned by the College Board, which was not involved in the production of, and does not endorse, this product. PowerPoint Presentation Slides by Kent Korek Germantown High School Worth Publishers, © 2010

2. Unit 7B: Cognition: Thinking, Problem Solving, Creativity, and Language

3. Unit Overview Thinking Language Thinking and Language Click on the any of the above hyperlinks to go to that section in the presentation.

4. Limits of Human Intuition “A bat and a ball cost $1.10 in total. The bat costs $1 more than the ball. How much does the ball cost?” A man bought a horse for $60 and sold it for $70. Then he bought the same horse back for $80 and again sold it, for $90. How much money did he make in the horse business? Jack is looking at Anne but Anne is looking at George. Jack is married but George is not. Is a married person looking at an unmarried person? Is the answer yes, no, or it cannot be determined?

5. Introduction Cognition (thinking)Cognition Cognitive psychologists

6. Differences in Thinking Styles p. 4 Handout 7B-2 p.33

7. Cognitive Complexity p. 5 Think of a person you like and a person you dislike, then take a total of 10 minutes to write descriptions of these people. You should pay special attention to the person’s “habits, beliefs, ways of treating others, mannerisms, and similar attributes”—any aspect of the person’s personality or behavior but not physical characteristics.

8. Thinking

9. Concepts –Category hierarchies Taxi driver organizes the city into zones, neighborhoods, blocks, How many categories are supermarket divided into? –prototypeprototype

10. Activities Introducing prototypes, p. 6

21. Solving Problems Strategies Algorithms –Step-by-step Heuristic Insight

22. Activity The Aha! Experience – You just me – Stood – Well – View – YYURYYUBICURYY4ME – Handout 7B-4

23. Solving Problems Creativity Creativity Strernberg’s five components –Expertise –Imaginative thinking skills –A venturesome personality –Intrinsic motivation –A creative environment

24. Solving Problems Obstacles to Problem Solving Confirmation bias Fixation –Mental setMental set –Functional fixednessFunctional fixedness

25. Solving Problems Obstacles to Problem Solving Confirmation bias Fixation –Mental setMental set –Functional fixednessFunctional fixedness

26. Making Decisions and Forming Judgments Using and Misusing Heuristics The Representative Heuristic

27. Making Decisions and Forming Judgments Using and Misusing Heuristics The Availability Heuristic

28. Making Decisions and Forming Judgments Overconfidence Overconfidence

29. Making Decisions and Forming Judgments The Belief Perseverance Phenomenon Belief perseverance –Consider the opposite

30. Making Decisions and Forming Judgments The Perils and Powers of Intuition Intuition –Unconscious intuition

31. Making Decisions and Forming Judgments The Effects of Framing Framing –Framing experiments

32. Language

33. Language Introduction Language

34. Language Structure Phonemes Phoneme –English about 40 phonemes –Learning another language’s phonemes

35. Language Structure Morphemes Morpheme –Includes prefixes and suffixes

36. Language Structure Grammar Grammar –SemanticsSemantics –SyntaxSyntax

37. Language Development When Do We Learn Language? Receptive language Productive language –Babbling stageBabbling stage –One-word stageOne-word stage –Two-word stageTwo-word stage –Telegraphic speechTelegraphic speech

38. Language Development When Do We Learn Language?

44. Language Development Explaining Language Development Skinner: Operant Learning –Learning principles Association Imitation Reinforcement

45. Language Development Explaining Language Development Chomsky: Inborn Universal Grammar –Language acquisition device –Universal grammar

46. Language Development Explaining Language Development Statistical Learning and Critical Periods –Statistical learning –Critical (sensitive) period

47. Thinking and Language

48. Language Influences Thinking Whorf’s linguistic determinismlinguistic determinism Bilingual advantage

49. Thinking in Images Implicit memory

50. The End

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53. Teacher Information Continuity slides – Throughout this presentation there are slides, usually of graphics or tables, that build on one another. These are included for three purposes. By presenting information in small chunks, students will find it easier to process and remember the concepts. By continually changing slides, students will stay interested in the presentation. To facilitate class discussion and critical thinking. Students should be encouraged to think about “what might come next” in the series of slides. Please feel free to contact me at kkorek@germantown.k12.wi.us with any questions, concerns, suggestions, etc. regarding these presentations.kkorek@germantown.k12.wi.us Kent Korek Germantown High School Germantown, WI 53022 262-253-3400 kkorek@germantown.k12.wi.us

54. Division title (green print) subdivision title ( blue print) xxx –xxx

55. Division title (green print) subdivision title ( blue print) Use this slide to add a table, chart, clip art, picture, diagram, or video clip. Delete this box when finished

56. Definition Slide = add definition here

57. Definition Slides

58. Cognition = the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.

59. Concept = a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people.

60. Prototype = a mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items to a prototype provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into categories (as when comparing feathered creatures to a prototypical bird, such as a robin).

61. Algorithm = a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. Contrasts with the usually speedier – but also more error-prone – use of heuristics.

62. Heuristic = a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms.

63. Insight = a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; it contrasts with strategy-based solutions.

64. Creativity = the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas.

65. Confirmation Bias = a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence.

66. Fixation = the inability to see a problem from a new perspective, by employing a different mental set.

67. Mental Set = a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past.

68. Functional Fixedness = the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving.

69. Representativeness Heuristic = judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information.

70. Availability Heuristic = estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common

71. Overconfidence = the tendency to be more confident that correct – to over-estimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments.

72. Belief Perseverance = clinging to one’s initial conceptions after the basis on which they are formed has been discredited.

73. Intuition = an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning.

74. Framing = the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments.

75. Language = our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning.

76. Phoneme = in language, the smallest distinctive sound unit.

77. Morpheme = in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix).

78. Grammar = in a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others.

79. Semantics = the set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language; also, the study of meaning.

80. Syntax = the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language.

81. Babbling Stage = beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language.

82. One-word Stage = the stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words.

83. Two-word Stage = beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two-word statements.

84. Telegraphic Speech = early speech state in which a child speaks like a telegram – “go car” – using mostly nouns and verbs.

85. Linguistic Determinism = Whorf’s hypothesis that language determines the way we think.