1. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development Asia-Pacific Regional Center for Waste Management Training and Technology Transfer Thailand Environment Institute

2. WORKSHOP BUILDING NATIONAL CAPACITY IN RAPIDLY INDUSTRIALIZING COUNTRIES ON SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF RECOVERABLE MATERIAL/RESOURCES Bangkok, 20-22 September 2001

3. INTRODUCTORY PRESENTATION SESSION TWO Dr Ulrich HOFFMANN UNCTAD Secretariat

4. OBJECTIVES OF THE WORKSHOPS Implications of these trends for rapidly industrializing countries Trends in material consumption in developed and rapidly industrializing countries Importance of global material recovery

5. OBJECTIVES OF THE WORKSHOPS Brief overview of the 2 nd OECD Workshop on Environmentally Sound Management of Wastes Destined for Recovery Operations

6. IMPORTANCE OF GLOBAL MATERIAL RECOVERY

7. Share of Recovered Material in Global Supply of Primary and Secondary Commodities

8. IMPORTANCE OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN SECONDARY MATERIAL Share of Trade in Secondary Material in Global Trade of Primary + Secondary Metal 1970-74 Aluminium Copper Lead Tin Zinc 1995-97 4 % 24 % 12 % 13 % 2 % 13 % 37 % 22 % 20 % 4 % CONCLUSION: Trade in secondary material has significantly expanded – function of material demand, not waste trafficking

9. TRENDS IN MATERIAL CONSUMPTION IN DEVELOPED AND RAPIDLY INDUSTRIALIZING COUNTRIES

10. Trends in Material Consumption Share in global consumption 1975 Aluminium DDC RIC Copper DDC RIC Lead DDC RIC 1998 69% 7% 66% 7% 63% 8% 62% 22% 58% 21% 62% 18% Per capita consumption 19751998 18.3 kg 1.9 kg 10.3 kg 1.1 kg 4.7 kg 0.4 kg 13.8 kg 0.6 kg 6.8 kg 0.3 kg 4.1 kg 0.2 kg

11. Trends in Intensity of Use of Non-ferrous Metals (percentage, 1975 = 100%)

12. Supply-demand Gap of Secondary Material in Rapidly Ind. Countries Material demand/ Scrap demand 19752000 Material demand GAP Product life Scrap supply INDIA: Copper Consumption 24 k tons 240 k tons

13. Supply-Demand Interplay of Secondary Material in OECD Count. OECD: Copper Consumption 5,000 k tons 8,000 k tons Material demand/ Scrap demand 19752000 Material demand GAP Product life Scrap supply

14. “ECOLOGICAL RUCKSACK” of Primary Commodity Production Aluminium/Bauxite 1 : 5 Lead 1 : 19 Copper 1 : 420

15. Implications of These Trends for Rapidly Industrializing Countries Material demand must be met by domestic or imported primary and secondary material As there is a domestic supply-demand gap in secondary material – imported feedstock plays a key role Avenues for secondary material importes should be kept open

16. Implications of These Trends for Rapidly Industrializing Countries In rapidly industrializing countries, sound waste management is an integral part of sustainable material/resources management – twin approach

17. Regional Patterns of International Trade in Non-ferrous Metal Scrap

18. OVERVIEW ON THE CONCLUSIONS OF THE 2 ND OECD WORKSHOP ON ENVIRONMENTALLY SOUND MANAGEMENT OF WASTES DESTINED FOR RECOVERY OPERATIONS Vienna, September 2000

19. MAIN CONCLUSIONS OF THE ESM WORKSHOP Principal focus of OECD ESM programme should be on recovery ESM approach should cover both domestic and transboundary material flows Legal status of the approach towards ESM implementation is very important

20. CONCLUSIONS OF SECOND OECD WORKSHOP ON ESM (contd) Approach for ESM implementation should rest on two interrelated pillars: - use of existing Environmental Mang. Systems, such as ISO 14001 series - core performance elements for recovery activities Env. Management Systems and core performance elements should be shaped so that they can be met by SMEs

21. SOME POINTS FOR CONSIDERATION Rapidly industrializing countries should pursue a pro- active approach towards finding practicable avenues for ESM implementation that reflect their specific interests and circumstances Practicable approach for ESM implementation could rest on two clusters: - macro-economic criteria - micro-economic criteria ( EMS and environmental performance standards) Approach should not apply ESM criteria to domestic and transboundary material flows in the same way – problem of informal/small-scale sector