1. Dr. Shahram Yazdani Health, Poverty & Deprivation Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences School of Medical Education Strategic Policy Sessions: 03

2. Dr. Shahram Yazdani Poverty: At the Heart of Many Vicious Cycles Poverty Illiteracy Ill Health Social Exclusion Poor Neighborhood

3. WealthWelfare Income Generating Prerequisites Access to Income Generating Opportunities Income Generating Capabilities Security for Income Generation Power Appropriate Nutrition Appropriate Housing Appropriate Recreation Appropriate Education Appropriate Health Access to Capital, Technology, Market; Employment Health, Education, Skills Security from Disease, Disability, Accident Retirement Access, Voice, And Vote

4. PovertyDeprivation Lack of Income Generating Prerequisites Lack of Opportunity Lack of Capability Vulnerability Powerlessness Poor Nutrition Poor Housing Poor Recreation Poor Education Poor Health Unemployment; Lack of Access to Capitals, Technology, Market Illness, Illiteracy Lack of Skills Financial Shocks Due to Disease, Disability Accident, Retirement Voicelessness, Votelessness Lack of Influence Crimes & Social Pathologies Addiction Prostitution Runaway Begging Violence

5. Poverty Lack of Opportunity Lack of Capability Vulnerability Powerlessness Poor Nutrition Poor Housing Poor Recreation Poor Education Poor Health Unemployment; Lack of Access to Capitals, Technology, Market Illness, Illiteracy Lack of Skills Financial Shocks Due to Disease, Disability Accident, Retirement Voicelessness, Votelessness Lack of Influence Crimes & Social Aberrations Addiction Prostitution Runaway Begging Violence Secondary Prevention Primitive Prevention Primitive Prevention TherapyPreventionRisk Reduction Deprivation Reducing Strategies Poverty Eliminating Strategies Social Protection Strategies Specific Pro-poor Policies Tertiary Prevention Rehabilitation Social Rehabilitation Strategies

6. Poverty Lack of Opportunity Lack of Capability Vulnerability Powerlessness Poor Nutrition Poor Housing Poor Recreation Poor Education Poor Health Unemployment; Lack of Access to Capitals, Technology, Market Illness, Illiteracy Lack of Skills Financial Shocks Due to Disease, Disability Accident, Retirement Voicelessness, Votelessness Lack of Influence Crimes & Social Aberrations Addiction Prostitution Runaway Begging Violence Social Protection Strategies Specific Pro-poor Policies Opportunity Strategies

7. Poverty Lack of Opportunity Lack of Capability Vulnerability Powerlessness Poor Nutrition Poor Housing Poor Recreation Poor Education Poor Health Unemployment; Lack of Access to Capitals, Technology, Market Illness, Illiteracy Lack of Skills Financial Shocks Due to Disease, Disability Accident, Retirement Voicelessness, Votelessness Lack of Influence Crimes & Social Aberrations Addiction Prostitution Runaway Begging Violence Social Protection Strategies Specific Pro-poor Policies Capability Strategies

8. Poverty Lack of Opportunity Lack of Capability Vulnerability Powerlessness Poor Nutrition Poor Housing Poor Recreation Poor Education Poor Health Unemployment; Lack of Access to Capitals, Technology, Market Illness, Illiteracy Lack of Skills Financial Shocks Due to Disease, Disability Accident, Retirement Voicelessness, Votelessness Lack of Influence Crimes & Social Aberrations Addiction Prostitution Runaway Begging Violence Social Protection Strategies Specific Pro-poor Policies Security Strategies

9. Poverty Lack of Opportunity Lack of Capability Vulnerability Powerlessness Poor Nutrition Poor Housing Poor Recreation Poor Education Poor Health Unemployment; Lack of Access to Capitals, Technology, Market Illness, Illiteracy Lack of Skills Financial Shocks Due to Disease, Disability Accident, Retirement Voicelessness, Votelessness Lack of Influence Crimes & Social Aberrations Addiction Prostitution Runaway Begging Violence Social Protection Strategies Specific Pro-poor Policies Empowerment Strategies

10. Poverty Lack of Opportunity Lack of Capability Vulnerability Powerlessness Poor Nutrition Poor Housing Poor Recreation Poor Education Poor Health Unemployment; Lack of Access to Capitals, Technology, Market Illness, Illiteracy Lack of Skills Financial Shocks Due to Disease, Disability Accident, Retirement Voicelessness, Votelessness Lack of Influence Crimes & Social Aberrations Addiction Prostitution Runaway Begging Violence Poverty Eliminating Strategies Specific Pro-poor Policies Cash Assistance Strategies Income Support System

11. Poverty Lack of Opportunity Lack of Capability Vulnerability Powerlessness Poor Nutrition Poor Housing Poor Recreation Poor Education Poor Health Unemployment; Lack of Access to Capitals, Technology, Market Illness, Illiteracy Lack of Skills Financial Shocks Due to Disease, Disability Accident, Retirement Voicelessness, Votelessness Lack of Influence Crimes & Social Aberrations Addiction Prostitution Runaway Begging Violence Deprivation Reducing Strategies Specific Pro-poor Policies Non-Cash Assistance Strategies

12. Poverty Lack of Opportunity Lack of Capability Vulnerability Powerlessness Poor Nutrition Poor Housing Poor Recreation Poor Education Poor Health Unemployment; Lack of Access to Capitals, Technology, Market Illness, Illiteracy Lack of Skills Financial Shocks Due to Disease, Disability Accident, Retirement Voicelessness, Votelessness Lack of Influence Crimes & Social Aberrations Addiction Prostitution Runaway Begging Violence Specific Pro-poor Policies Social Rehabilitation Strategies Special Groups Support Strategies

13. Targeting TherapyPreventionRisk Reduction Rehabilitation Diagnosis Specific Pro-poor Policies Public health subsidies is the sum of all resources, expressed in monetary terms, allocated by the government to the health sector. Based on Individual Assessment, Group Characteristics, Self-targeting, or Type of Service The cost of targeting is the economic value of all resources devoted to the targeting effort. The effectiveness of targeting is the proportion of the subsidy that reaches the intended beneficiaries. Type I error: To classify as “non-poor” someone who is truly poor Type II error: To classify as “poor” someone who is not poor

14. Specific Pro-poor Policies Pro-equity Policies Poverty Line Growth Effect on Poverty 60 40 Frequency 20 Distribution Effect on Poverty Pro-poor Growth Policies In Ethiopia growth could have reduced the poverty headcount by some 31 per cent between 1981-95. Yet, because of changes in the distribution that contributed to a 37 percent increase in poverty, the final effect has been a net increase in poverty of 6 per cent. The case of Indonesia between 1996 and 1999 is the opposite. There, distributional changes compensated for the adverse effect of growth on poverty. A poverty line can be absolute (e.g. less than $1 daily) or relative (e.g. less than 50% of average earnings). Poverty is a dynamic not static concept.

15. Poverty Line Growth Effect on Poverty 60 40 Frequency 20 Distribution Effect on Poverty  Pro-equity Policies Income Redistribution Public Consumption

16. Thank You ! Any Question ?