1. ULI101 More Linux Commands Introduction to UNIX/Linux and the Internet
Seneca College of Applied Technology

2. File related commands grep - print lines matching a pattern
head - output the first part of files
tail - output the last part of files
sort - sort lines of text files
diff - find differences between two files
file - determine file type

3. Utility commands who – show who is logged in
date – print or set the system date and time
which – show the full path of (shell) commands
quota – display disk usage and limits
finger – user information lookup program
mail – send and receive mail

4. Print commands lpr – print files lpq – show print queue status
lprm – cancel print jobs

5. Print lines matching a pattern
grep
Print lines matching a pattern
grep takes a pattern, read standard input or a list of files, and outputs the lines containing matches for the pattern.
Example:
grep foo *
Print lines in any of the files in the current directory that contain the pattern “foo”.

6. grep examples grep -r foo . grep -lr foo .
Print all the lines in all the files in the current directory and all its subdirectories that contains the pattern “foo”.
grep -lr foo .
Similar as above but only print the names of the files that contains the pattern “foo”

7. Contents of the sample file
misc]$ cat bar
The name of this file is called bar.
This file has only five line.
This line contains the word foo and bar.
Do you like to play football or basket ball?
This is the end of the file.
misc]$ nl bar
1 The name of this file is called bar.
2 This file has only five line.
3 This line contains the word foo and bar.
4 Do you like to play football or basket ball?
5 This is the end of the file.

8. More grep examples
Print all the lines in the file “bar” that contains the pattern “foo”
misc]$ grep foo bar
This line contains the word foo and bar.
Do you like to play football or basket ball?
Same as above but prefix each line of output with the line number within the file “bar”
misc]$ grep -n foo bar
3:This line contains the word foo and bar.
4:Do you like to play football or basket ball?

9. More grep examples
Print all the lines in the file “bar” that contains the word “foo”
misc]$ grep -w foo bar
This line contains the word foo and bar.
Print all the lines in the file “bar” that does not contain the pattern “foo”
misc]$ grep -v foo bar
The name of this file is called bar.
This file has only five line.
This is the end of the file.

10. grep options Major options for grep
“-l” display name of the file that has matching line
“-r” search all the files in the current directory and all its subdirectory for the given pattern
“-n” prefix each output with line number
“-w” search for matching word
“-v” output lines that do not contain the given pattern

11. head & tail head bar head -5 bar tail bar tail -5 bar
Display the first 10 line of the file “bar”
head -5 bar
Display the first 5 lines of the file “bar”
tail bar
Display the last 10 lines of the file “bar”
tail -5 bar
Display the last 5 lines of the file “bar”

12. sort Sort line of text file [root] sort numbers 101 984 2314 5678
[root] sort -n numbers
Sort line of text file
[root] cat numbers
String
order
Numeric order

13. More sort examples [root] cat numbers 2314 5678 345 2231 101 984
[root] sort numbers
[root] sort -k2 numbers
Sort by
the 2nd
field
Sort by
the 1st
field

14. More sort examples [root] cat numbers 2314 5678 345 2231 101 984
[root] sort numbers
[root] sort -r numbers
Sort in
reverse
order

15. diff Display the differences between two files Syntax:
diff [options] file1 file2
useful options:
“-y” or “--side-by-side” use the side by side output format
“-W n” or “--width=n” use an output width of columns n in side by side format

16. diff default output
When using “diff” without any options, it produces a series of lines containing
Add (a)
Delete (d), and
Change (c) instructions
Each of these lines is followed by the lines from the file that you need to add, delete, or change to make the files the same.

17. diff examples $cat file1 $cat file2 blue blue red yellow white black
orange
$cat file2
blue
yellow
black
red
orange
Steps to convert file1 to file2:
$diff file1 file2
2,3d1
< red
< white
4a3,4
> black
> red
1. Delete line 2 through 3 from file1
2. Append lines 3 through 4 from file2 after line 4 in file1

18. diff examples $cat file1 $diff -y -W 30 file1 file2 blue blue blue red
white
yellow
orange
$diff -y -W 30 file1 file2
blue blue
red <
white <
yellow yellow
> black
> red
orange orange
$cat file2
blue
yellow
black
red
orange

19. diff examples $cat file1 $cat file2 blue blue red yellow white black
orange
$cat file2
blue
yellow
black
red
orange
$diff --side-by-side --width=30 file1 file2

20. file Display the classification of a file
Syntax: file [option] file-list
option: -L
reports on the files that symbolic links point to
option: -f file
reads the names of the files to be examined from file
option: -i
Causes the file command to output mime type strings

21. file examples [uli@seneca notes]$ file *
introunix.html: exported SGML document text
links.sxi: Zip archive data, at least v2.0 to extract
misc-commands.sxi: Zip archive data, at least v2.0 to extract
template.sxi: Zip archive data, at least v2.0 to extract
ULI01LabLing02.ppt: Microsoft Office Document
ULI01LabLing-fast.ppt: Microsoft Office Document
notes]$ file -i *
introunix.html: text/html; charset=iso
links.sxi: application/x-zip
misc-commands.sxi: application/x-zip
template.sxi: application/x-zip
ULI01LabLing02.ppt: application/msword
ULI01LabLing-fast.ppt: application/msword

22. More file examples [ray@localhost week8]$ ls -l mydir
lrwxrwxrwx 1 ray ray 7 Oct 29 15:41 mydir -> courses
week8]$ file mydir
mydir: symbolic link to courses
week8]$ file -L mydir
mydir: directory

23. Recap
grep
head
tail
sort
diff
file

24. who Show who is logged on Phobos: /home/rchan>$ who
rchan pts/0 Oct 30 02:08 (toronto-hse-ppp3)
sslui pts/1 Oct 30 01:11 (CPE00112f0fe590-)
Phobos: /home/rchan>$ who -H
Name Line Time Hostname
Phobos: /home/rchan>$ who -qH
Name Hostname
rchan (toronto-hse-ppp3)
sslui (CPE00112f0fe590-)
Total users: 2

25. date Display the system time and date
week8]$ date
Sun Oct 30 01:48:10 EST 2005
week8]$ date +"%D"
10/30/05
week8]$ date +"%T"
01:54:05
week8]$ date +"%D %T"
10/30/05 01:54:13
Refer to the man page for more formatting codes

26. which Shows the full path of (shell) commands
week8]$ which mkdir
/bin/mkdir
week8]$ which type
/usr/bin/which: no type in (/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin:/bin:/usr/X11R6/bin :/home/ray/bin)

27. quota Display disk usage and limits Phobos: /home/rchan>$ quota
Disk quotas for user rchan (uid 1628):
Filesystem blocks quota limit grace files quota limit grace
/home_sharedfs
/public_sharedfs
/mail_sharedfs

28. finger User information lookup program
Phobos: /home/rchan>$ finger rchan
Login name: rchan In real life: Raymond Chan
Directory: /home/rchan Shell: /usr/bin/ksh
On since Oct 30 02:08:55 on pts/0
from toronto-hse-ppp3
(messages off)
No Plan.

29. mail Send and receive mail
To read your mail on phobos, type the “mail” command by itself:
Phobos: /home/rchan>$ mail
Mail [5.2 UCB] [AIX 4.1] Type ? for help.
"/var/spool/mail/rchan": 1 message 1 new
>N 1 rchan Wed Oct 26 00:24 10/340 "Mail testing"

30. Sending mail
To send a file called “letter” through on phobos to the user “rchan”:
Phobos: /home/rchan>$ mail -s “subject” rchan < letter

31. Recap
who
date
which
quota
finger
mail

32. lpr, lpq, lprm lpr – submit file for printing
lpr [ -P printer-name ] [ -# copies ] file-name
[ -P printer-name] : send files to the named printer
[ -# copies ] :sets the number of copies to print
between 1 and 100
file-name : name of file to be printed

33. Show printer queue status
lpq - show printer queue status
lpq [ -P printer-name] [ -a ] [ -l]
[ -P printer-name] : show status on the named printer
[ -a ] : reports jobs on all printers
[ -l ] : display more verbose (long) format

34. Cancel Print Jobs lprm – cancel print jobs
lprm [ - ] [ -P printer-name] [ job ID(s)]
[ - ] : all print jobs
[ -P printer-name] : print jobs on the named printer
[ job ID(s) ]: jobs to be cancel

35. Recap

36. Reference
Man Pages
A practical Guide to Linux by Mark G. Sobell

37. Questions and Answers
How do you print all the lines in all the files in the current directory and all its subdirectories that contains the <title> tag?
How do you print all the lines in the file called “index.html” that contains the word “seneca”?
How do you print the last line of the file called “task.html”?
How do you print the classification of each file in the currently directory?

38. Questions and Answers What does the command “who” do?
What does the command “who -q” do?
How do you find out your disk usage and limits on phobos?
How do you read your mail on Phobos?
How do you cancel a print job?