1. Chapter 4: UNIX File Processing Input and Output

2. Extracting Information from Files Section A: Objectives After studying this lesson, you should be able to understand and use: –Redirection –Pipes –Wildcards and Regular Expressions –Commands: find, sort, cat grep

3. Processing Files When performing commands, UNIX processes data, it receives input from the standard input device (the keyboard) and then sends output to the standard output device (the screen). System administrators and programmers refer to standard input as stdin They refer to standard output as stdout The third standard output is called standard error, or stderr ( also typically the screen ), where error messages are displayed

4. Using Input and Error Redirection File Redirection operators > - redirect output, send it to a file >> - redirect output, appends it to a file < - redirects input, retrieves input from a file

5. Redirecting Outputs $ ls > foo Send the directory list to the file named “foo” $ cat foo Show contents of “foo” $ date >> foo Append the date to the file name “foo”

6. Redirecting Outputs (cont) $ ls -l > bar Send the long directory list to “bar” $ cat foo bar > foobar Combine “foo” and “bar” into a new file name “foobar” $ cat foobar Display contents of new file

7. Redirecting Inputs $ who > people Put the list of users currently on the system into the file “people” $ sort < people Sort by sending “people” as input to sort $ sort speople Send sorted list to new file “speople”

8. Using Pipes The pipe operator (|) redirects the output of one command to the input of another command The pipe operator is used in the following manner: first_command | second_command The pipe operator connects the output of the first command with the input of the second command The pipe operator can connect several commands on the same command line, in the following manner: first_command | second_command | third_command...

9. Pipes Examples $ who > people $ sort < people Is there a shortcut? Yes, using pipes. $ who | sort List of users on the system $ who | wc –l How many users are on the system?

10. Wildcards The ‘*’ and ‘?’ characters are wildcards, which match against zero or more characters in a file or directory name. ‘*’ matches any # of characters (0 or more). ‘?’ matches exactly one character [ ] and - : character range, a way to specify a sub range of characters to match.

11. Wildcard Examples $ ls foo*Lists all files starting with “foo” $ ls *.cLists all files ending with “.c” $ ls f.?Lists all files named “f” plus an extra character, such as “f.1” or “f.c” $ ls a* d* f* List all files starting with a, d, f $ ls [adf]*same $ ls [a-z]*List files starting with any letter $ ls [a-z] * List all one letter files, then all files

12. Wildcard Examples (cont) $ ls *unix* list all files/subdirectories which contain the word “unix” $ ls *s* the following example files will match this pattern. grades.txt, prog1.s, summary.doc $ ls *[0-9._]*files having 0-9 or. or _

13. Wildcard Examples (cont) $ rm * Delete ALL files $ rm ??? Delete all filenames with 3 characters $ cp *.txt.. Copy all files with a “.txt” extension to the parent directory

14. Wildcard Examples (cont) Example: to list any file that start with a lowercase letter range from a to z as specified ls -l [a-z]* Which of the following files will this pattern match. ls hw[0-9]* For example: hw1, hw3.c, hw50.txt, hw.

15. Finding Files The find command searches for files that have a specified name The command has the form: find pathname - name filename The find command prohibits you from searching where you do not have system-level permissions Although Linux does not use it, other UNIX versions require the -print option after the filename to display the names of fields the find command locates

16. Finding Files Examples find /usr -name Chapter1 -type f -print search through the "/usr" directory for the file named "Chapter1". find /usr -name "Chapter*" -type f -print search through the "/usr" directory for all files that begin with the letters "Chapter". The filename can end with any other combination of characters. This will match filenames such as "Chapter", "Chapter1", "Chapter1.bad", "Chapter_in_life".

17. Using the Sort Command Use the sort command to sort a file’s contents alphabetically or numerically Here is an example of its use: sort file1 > file2 Here are more complex examples: ls –s | sort –n list files in sorted order ls –s | sort –nr reverse sorted order ls –s | sort –nr | head -5 show 5 largest files

18. grep grep command is used to match a pattern in one or more files, and displays the matching output on standard output. The format of grep command is: grep [options] regexp [files] grep means global regular expression print.

19. grep Example: grep luo /etc/passwd: to search a user in the system who called 'luo' as the first name or the last name. Quotes (single or double) are needed if regular expressions are to be used grep olga* will stall grep ‘olga*’ will work fine Wildcards in filename can be used with grep as usual grep ‘olga*’ *.txt

20. Regular Expressions b*(, b, bb, bbb, bbbb, ….). matches any single character ^ beginning of the line grep ‘^taylor’ file1find pattern ^taylor $end of the line grep ‘:$’ file1entries that ends with : grep ‘100\$’ f1searches for 100$ grep ‘100$’ f1searches for 100 at the end

21. Regular Expressions [xy]any single character in the set [^xy]any single character not in the set grep ‘^taylor[a-z]’ file1starts with taylor and contains a lower case letter afterwards grep ‘^taylor[^a-z]’ file1 starts with taylor and no lower case letter afterwards grep ‘z*’ f1 zero or more occurrences of z (everything in f1) grep ‘zz*’ f1 one or more occurrences of z (does not return lines without z)

22. Grep flags -c: print a count of matched lines only -l: list filenames that contain the specified pattern -i: Ignore the case of the letters in the pattern -n: Including line numbers -b: precede each line with its block number -h: print matched lines but not filenames(inverse of -l) -s: Suppress error messages for nonexistent of unreadable -v: Print all lines that don't match regexp

23. grep Example 1: to indicate how many users on the system has a last name or first name as "marylin" ignoring the upper or lower cases. grep -ci marylin /etc/passwd Example2: to indicate how may case- sensitive matches are in the file before any of them are displayed on the screen grep -c lu /etc/passwd Example3: to number the output lines. grep -n lu /etc/passwd

24. Chapter Summary Output from a command may be redirected from stdout to a disk file Input to a command may be redirected from stdin to a disk file Use the sort command to sort a file’s contents alphabetically or numerically A pipe directs the standard output of one Unix command into the standard input of another Unix command. A wildcard is a tool that allow you to specify a group of filenames or directories. Useful commands such as find, grep, cat,