1. UNIX Filters

2. Some Simple UNIX Filters (Commands That Use Both Standard Input & Standard Output)
File Level
Content Level pr
cmp, comm, diff
sort
uniq
head,tail
cut, paste tr
grep
There are a lot of others!!

3. Formatting Output: pr Command
pr prepares files for printing by adding formatting, headers, footers, …
Some options: -k prints in k columns
-n numbers the lines of output
-d double spaces output
-l n sets length to n lines
-w m sets width to m chars
Example: a.out | pr –n –d –l 64 Prints output with line
numbers, double spacing,
and 64 lines per page

4. Comparing Files: cmp Command
cmp compares 2 files and stops when it finds a difference
The comparison is character by character (byte by byte).
Option: -l lists all byte differences in the files
Examples: cmp file1 file2
file1 file2 differ: char 12, line 3
cmp –l file1 file2 | wc –l
Displays the number of differences in the 2 files.

5. Comparing Files: comm Command
comm compares 2 files and lists 3 columns of information:
1. lines unique to 1st file lines unique to 2nd file lines common to both files
The files must be sorted.
Options: -1, -2, -3 indicates the columns to drop in the output
Examples: comm -3 file1 file2 Lists all the unique lines in
both files.
comm –l2 file1 file2 Lists all the lines common to

6. Comparing Files: diff Command
diff compares 2 files and lists the instructions needed
to make the files the same. Here’s an example:
$ diff file1 file2
3c Change line 3
< This is line 3 of file from this
---
> This is line 3 of file to this.
7a8
> This is line 8 from file Add this line after
line 7 of file1.

7. Extracting Vertical Data: cut Command
cut extracts vertical slices of data from a file. Either columns (-c
option) or fields (-f option) of data may be extracted. A delimiter (-d
option) may be defined to separate fields. Default delimiter is tab.
Examples: cut –c1-4,8,15- file1 Extracts chars 1 thru 4, the 8th
character, and characters 15 thru end of each line from file1. No
whitespace in the column list!!
cut –d: -f1-3 file2 Extracts fields 1 thru 3 from file2. The
fields are separated by the : character
who | cut –d” “ –f1 Lists the names of all users logged in.

8. Joining Vertical Data: paste Command
paste vertically joins 2 files together. A delimiter (-d option)
may be defined to separate fields. Default delimiter is tab. The
-s option joins lines of a single file together.
Examples: paste file1 file2 Displays file1 and file2 side by side.
paste –s –d”::\n” addressbook
rick
>>>>

9. Displaying Files: head and tail Commands
head displays the top of a file. (1st 10 lines, by default).
tail displays the end of the file (last 10 lines, by default).
Options: -n x or –x displays 1st (last) x lines of the file.
-f continuously displays the end of a file as it grows. This
option is for the tail command only. You must use the
interrupt key to stop monitoring the file growth.
Examples: ls –t | head –n Displays the file most recently edited.
tail –f install.log Continuously displays the log file as
it grows. Use interrupt key to stop.

10. Ordering Files: sort Command
sort reorders the lines of a file in ascending (descending) order.
The default order is ASCII: whitespace, numbers, uppercase, and
finally, lowercase letters.
Options: -k n sort on the nth field of the line
-tchar use char as the field delimiter
-n sort numerically
-r reverse order sort
-u remove repeated lines
-m list merge sorted files in list

11. sort Examples
Examples: sort –t: -k 2 list Sort on the 2nd field of file list. Fields are
separated by :
sort –t: -k 5.7 –r list Sort file list in reverse order on the
7th character of 5th field. Fields separated by :
sort –n list Numerically sort file list, assumed to contain numbers.
sort –m file1 file2 Sorted files file1 and file2 are merged.
cut –d: -f3 list | sort –u Extract the 3rd field from list &
sort that field, removing the repeated lines.

12. Removing Duplicates: uniq Command
uniq displays a presorted file, removing all the duplicate lines from it.
If 2 files are specified, uniq reads from the first and writes to the second.
Options: -u lists only the lines that are unique
-d lists only the lines that are duplicates
-c counts the frequency of occurrences
Examples: sort list | uniq – xlist Sorts file list; uniq reads from
stdin and writes the output to xlist.
uniq –c list Displays count of each unique line in the file list.

13. Character Manipulation: tr Command
tr translates characters from one format to another. Input always comes
from standard input. Arguments don’t include filenames. General form is:
tr options expression1 expression2 standard input
expression1 is the set of characters to change; expression2 is what
they change to. (The expressions should be equal length.)
Examples: tr ‘+-’ ‘*/’ < math In the file math, replace all +’s with *’s and
replace all -’s with /’s.
head –n 3 list | tr ‘[a-z]’ ‘[A-Z]’ The 1st 3 lines
of the file list are translated to uppercase.

14. tr Command Options Options: -d delete characters from the input stream
-s compress multiple consecutive characters (squeeze)
-c complementing value of expression
Examples: tr –d ‘/’ < dates Remove all /’s from the file dates.
tr –s ‘ ’ < names Replace all strings of blanks with a single
blank in the file names.
tr –cd ‘:’ < file1 In the file file1, delete everything that isn’t
a colon (:). All that’s left is a file full of :’s

15. Finding Patterns in Files with grep
grep searches a file and displays the lines containing a pattern. Form is:
grep options pattern files
If more than 1 file is listed, the filename is also displayed in the output.
Some options: -i ignore case when matching
-n display line numbers as well as lines
-c displays a count of the number of occurrences
Examples: grep “professor” college.lst Displays all lines in file,
college.lst, that contain the string professor.
grep –i “Rick” college.lst Displays all lines in the file,
college.lst, that contain the string Rick. (Also finds rick, RICK, rIcK, …)

16. Regular Expressions in grep
Regular expressions are metacharacter patterns used in ways different
from how the shell uses them.
Regular Expression Meaning
* 0 or more of the previous character
. a single character
[pqr] a single p or q or r
[c1-c2] a single char in the ASCII range of c1 thru c2
[^pqr] a single character not p nor q nor r
^abc abc at the beginning of line
abc$ abc at the end of the line

17. Example Regular Expressions with grep
grep “g*” file1 Displays all lines in file1 that contain nothing or g, gg, ggg, …
grep “.*” file1 Displays all lines in file1 that contain nothing or any # of chars
grep “[1-3]” file1 Displays all lines in file1 that contain a digit between 1 & 3.
grep “[^a-zA-Z]” file1 Displays all lines in file1 that contain a non-alphabetic
character
grep “^Rick$” file1 Displays all lines in file1 that contain only Rick
grep “^$” file1 Displays all lines in file1 that contain nothing
grep “R[aeiou]ck” file1 Displays all lines in file1 that contain Rack, Reck,
Rick, Rock or Ruck

18. Putting It All Together
An author wants to count the frequency of words used in a book chapter.
1. Put each word on a separate line:
tr “ \011” “\012\012” < chapter
2. Strip out everything that isn’t an alphabetic character or newline:
tr -cd “[a-zA-Z\012]”
3. Sort the list: sort
4. Count the word frequency: uniq –c
5. Put it all together:
tr “ \011” “\012\012” < chapter |
tr –cd “[a-zA-Z\012]” | sort | uniq -c