1. Mechanisms of Population Equilibrium Chapter 4.2

2. 1a. Predator-Prey Dynamics Example: Isle Royale – 45 mile-long island – Lake Superior Eary 1900s – group of moose crossed the ice Moose pop. grew 1949 – pack of wolves crossed the ice 1958 – Biologists began tracking Moose pop. increase followed by wolf pop. increase Moose pop. decrease followed by wolf pop. decrease 1980 – new cycle begins but wolves are affected by a canine virus

3. 1a. Predator-Prey Dynamics Example: Isle Royale

4. Their effects are density dependent High prey pop. = high predation Low pop. = harder for effective predation Often incapable of killing mature, healthy individuals. This prevents predators from eliminating prey. 1a. Predator-Prey Dynamics

5. 1b. Parasite-Host Dynamics Similarities with predator-prey dynamics High prey pop. = high parasitism Low pop. = harder for parasites to spread

6. Parasites and Predators Parasites and predators work together - prey weakened by parasites are easy targets for predators Population density of a species – consequences of relationships with all natural enemies. Many natural enemies contributes to more stable (s curve ) prey populations. Many prey species contribute to more stable predator populations - Biodiversity keeps things in balance

7. 2. Introduced species Example: Australian Rabbit 1859 – introduction of rabbits for game No natural enemies Rabbit pop. explosion – overgrazing devastated rangeland Rabbit virus controlled population for a time Rabbits developed resistance to virus 2nd rabbit virus introduced – decreased population by 95% Kangaroos and rare plants thrive again Foxes were introduced but found other species easier to catch.

8. 2. Introduced species Example: Australian Rabbit

9. 2. Introduced species Example 2: American Chestnut Prior to 1900 – American Chestnut was dominate tree of Eastern US deciduous forests High quality wood and food 1904 – Chestnut blight (fungal disease) introduced through planting Chinese Chestnut in NY 1950 – Nearly every A. Chestnut tree had died out Oaks filled the gap but still great ecological and commercial loss Recently – American/Chinese hybrid – 94% native – crossbred – resistant to blight

10. 2. Introduced species Activity: Read p. 88-91 and complete the table and list the following for each species: Species Negative/Positive/Neutral effects on env. Description of effect Year (if stated)

11. 2. Introduced species Possible outcomes: 1.Species won’t be able to thrive in new conditions – dies off 2.Species is able to survive finding a vacant spot in the ecosystem – stable pop. 3.Species thrives with no natural enemies – pop. explosion Species adapt over time to their ecosystem, independent of other ecosystems.

12. 2. Introduced species Introduced species can include the following organism categories: Plant Herbivore Carnivore Parasite http://youtube.com/watch?v=yS7zkTnQVaM http://youtube.com/watch?v=2ChwJiKKBd A&feature=related

13. 2. Introduced species Ecological Lessons: 1.The regulation of populations is a matter of complex interactions among the biotic community. 2.The relationships are specific to the organisms in each ecosystem.

14. 3. Territoriality Territory – area of adequate resources need to rear or brood successfully. Territoriality – defence of territory against species interested in the same resources. Examples of territoriality: bird songs, spotting with urine, fighting/intimidation and death (rare)

15. 3. Territoriality Territoriality restricts breeding to those capable of claiming and defending territory. Absence of territories – even rationing of inadequate resources causing entire population to be malnourished (risky)

16. 4. Plant-Herbivore Dynamics Example: Rein-deer St. Matthew Island (128 mi 2 ) 1944 – 29 deer introduced (5m 24f) - no predators 1963 – 6000 individuals Winter 63-64 – pop. crashed - lichens replaced by unpalatable sedges and grasses 1966 – 42 individuals

17. 4. Plant-Herbivore Dynamics Example: Rein-deer

18. 4. Plant-Herbivore Dynamics Overgrazing – feeding on plants faster than they can grow back. Uncontrolled populations of herbivores results in: 1.replacement of food plants with other plant species 2.desertification

19. 4. Plant-Herbivore Dynamics Factors influencing plant-herbivore balance: 1.Predators - killing predators can result in overgrazing of herbivores. 2.Migration – animals migrate when forage is reduced. Migration often prohibited by sectioned land (fencing)

20. 3rd Principle of Ecosystem Sustainability The size of consumer populations are controlled so that overgrazing or other overuse does not occur.

21. 5. Competition between plant species 1.Adaptation to specific conditions. Landscapes are not uniform. 2.Sharing resources – different adaptations to access different resources in the same area Examples - root systems, light requirements, growth timing

22. 5. Competition between plant species 3.Balanced herbivory – plant populations controlled by herbivory Monoculture – vulnerable to pests and disease; support population explosions. Diverse ecosystems – more balanced for everybody.

23. 5. Competition between plant species Example: Amazon Basin Single acre (0.4 hectares) >100 tree species Individuals of a species can be 0.5 miles apart Rubber tree plantations failed due to pests

24. Class Starter 1.What species caused the demise of the American Chestnut? 2.How has the Chestnut started to make a comeback? 3.What is the first principle of ecosystem sustainability? 4.What is one factor that affects the plant- herbivore dynamics?