1. Chapter 2 A systems view of project management

2. Learning objectives apply systems theory to explain the interrelations between project elements discuss the human factor and the role of feedback and feed-forward mechanisms in projects explain the effect of fast tracking on the project life cycle and its management characterise and interpret project life cycles in different industries use project classification tools to help select a project management approach

3. A systems approach The three main parts of a system: Inputs: defined as energy in any form brought into the system Processes: defined as a series of actions, changes or functions that bring about a particular result Outputs: defined as the products or consequences that result from the processes performed

7. Inputs There are six categories of resources necessary for a project: Business need and requirement Human resources Physical resources Project constraints Organisational and environmental factors Information resources

8. Outputs Project results and end products vary according to the nature and purpose of the project Examples of project results include: –reports –increased brand recognition and goodwill –presentations –new products and designs –goods and services –software

9. Phases of the project life cycle Phase one: Initiation and definition Phase two: Planning and development Phase three: Execution and control Phase four: Closure

10. Processes

11. Feedback and feed-forward in project management

12. The challenge for everyone involved in a project is to: maximise knowledge as quickly as possible reduce risk as quickly as possible preserve the ability to influence the final result for as long as possible minimise cost

14. Fast tracking

15. A contingency approach to project life cycles The principles of project management apply in any discipline, but the chunking of a project or programme into life cycle phases will be shaped by the nature of the industry itself. This has led to a ‘branded’ or industry- specific approach to project management.

16. Classifying projects Projects can be classified in the following six ways: 1.participant mix – internal, external, mixed internal-external 2.degree of standardisation – concrete, occasional, open 3.project visibility – low or high 4.business need 5.size and complexity 6.industry

18. Scaleable project management methodologies A project management methodology is a structured guide or framework designed to help organisations manage large and small projects in a controlled and efficient manner. If everyone involved in a project works to the same methodology, this reduces communication and integration problems throughout the project life cycle.