1. Reproduction and Genetics Females

2. Warm Up
Why should we understand reproduction in animals?

3. Objectives Review reproductive hormones and their functions
Outline the process of ovulation
Summary and Represent the Estrous Cycle

4. Essential Question
What are the main hormones in female reproduction ?

5. Hormones
Testosterone
Estrogen
Progesterone

6. Progesterone Steroid compound Produced in the ovary
Prepares and maintains the uterus for pregnancy

7. Estrogen Steroid compounds Levels are highest just before ovulation
Present in both men and women
Females: promote secondary female sexual characteristics, regulates menstrual cycling
Males: regulates maturation of sperm

8. Estrous Cycle
Proestrous- period immediately before estrous development of the endometrium and ovarian follicles
Estrous-Estrus refers to the phase when the female is sexually receptive, Ovarian follicles maturing
Metestrous- Corpus luteum starts to form, small amounts of progesterone
Dietrous –CL produces progesterone.
Preg?- keep the lining and begin gestation
Not Preg?- uterine lining is shed, CL regresses

9. Lengths of Estrous Polyestrous: cycle several times a year
Long Day Breeders: breed when days are longer, more sunlight, spring and summer
Horses, hamsters
Short day Breeders: breed when days are shorter, fall and winter
Sheep, deer, elk, foxes
Monoestrous: one breeding season a year
Rabbits?

10. Sexual Maturity in Females
Exhibit signals
More female characteristics
Become more receptive to males
Ages Vary
Horses: About 4
Dogs: 2-4 years old
Sheep: 18 months
Rabbits: 3-8 months

11. Uterus Anatomy
A. Ovaries- produce eggs, secrete hormones, form the corpus luteum.
B. Infindibulum- funnels the egg into the fallopian tube
c. Fallopian tube or oviduct- lead from the ovaries to the uterus. Place of fertilization

12. Uterus Anatomy Continued…
d. Uterus- where the embryo implants and develops
e. Cervix- thick muscular folds that seal off the uterus when pregnancy occurs
f. Vagina- organ of copulation where natural insemination occurs.
G. Urethra- pathway for urine
h. Vulva- external opening

13. Uterus Types

14. Ovulation Process

15. Female Hormones Continued…
The female hormones are:
a. FSH- causes the ovaries to produce estrogen
b. Estrogen- causes the female to come into heat.
C. LH- cause the formation of the corpus luteum
d. Progestrone- produce by the cl and is for the maintenance of pregnancy.

17. Vocabulary Estrogen Progesterone Corpus Luteum Ovulation Proestrous
Metestrous
Diestrous

18. Activity
Graph what happens to the hormones during the entire estrous cycle. What does each hormone do?
DO NOT PROVIDE THE DAYS AT THE BOTTOM!
Mark on your graph with a vertical line when Ovulation occurs.
Label what you believe is the Proestrous, Metestrous, Diestrous, and Estrous in PENCIL on your graph

19. Reproduction and Genetics Males

20. Objectives Label the gross anatomy of sperm
Analyze the process of sperm formation and maturation
Explore the mechanisms that lead to sperm’s success in reaching the female ovum.

21. Essential Question
Explain a mechanism sperm has developed to successfully reach the female ovum.

22. Hormones - Testosterone Estrogen
Responsible for the development of secondary male characteristics
Produced mainly by the testes
Estrogen
Maturation of sperm

23. Anatomy a. Scrotum- protection and temperature regulation
b. Testicles- the production of sperm cells and testosterone
c. Epididymis- long tube outside of testicles for storage of sperm until it matures
d. Vas Deferns- tube leads from epididymis to urethra

24. Anatomy e. Seminal vesicles- secretes fluid for transport
f. Prostate gland- secretes thick rich protein
g. Cowpers gland- secretes an alkaline to clean urethra
h. Urethra- tube extends from bladder out the penis
I. Penis- organ of copulation

25. Sperm Mitochondria: Provides energy to the sperm for movement
Centriole: form spindle fibers to hold chromosomes
Arcosome: surrounds head and provides digestive enzymes to digest the outer surface of the ovum

26. Steps in Sperm Formation
Mitotic divisions produce primary spermatocytes
Two meiotic divisions produce spermatids
Spermiogenesis
Spermatids differentiate from compact spherical cell into spermatozoa without cell division
Golgi granules coalesce to form acrosome
One centriole gives rise to flagellum
Nucleus moves and chromatin condenses
Spermatid rotates so tail sticks out into lumen
Mitochondria congregate around flagellum

28. Formation of Sperm

29. Sperm Maturation Head Not motile - swim in circular motion Not fertile
Body 
First see some forward motility in body
Some fertility
Tail
Normal motility
Fertile

30. Penis- forms
Os Penis

31. Penis – Forms
Fibroelastic

32. Penis- Forms
Erectile Penis

33. Sperm Review http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7dT1Wny1QuI
Creation of Man Part 2 of 6 The design of sperm

34. Sexual Maturity in Males
Exhibit Signals
Increased aggression in some species
Increased hair growth
Age varies
Horse: 2-3 years of age
Cat: 5 months
Dog: 5 months
Rabbit: 4-5 months

35. Vocabulary Testosterone Sperm Mitochondria Arcosome Centriole Mitosis
Meiosis
Epididymus

36. Activity Draw a sperm and label its main components
Explain the purpose of the arcosome, the mitochondria, centriole and flagella movement
Include where the genetic information is stored

37. Jigsaw Project- Work until 945am
3 groups : random
Individually will type a 1 page paper double spaced on your topic
Each group will present a powerpoint on your topic. No more than 12 slides
SHOULD INCLUDE the following 6 topics
Habitat of Animal Gestation and pregnancy
Signs of sexual maturity - Post Parturition Care
Mating Rituals - Offspring growth signs etc

38. Middletown High School Spring 2009
Fertilization

39. Warm Up Sperm Review Video
Complete Review of Male and Female Reproductive tract

40. Objectives
Outline the process of fertilization

41. Essential question
Describe one step in the process of fertilization

42. Heat Horse- occurs every 21 days and lasts avg. 6 days
Swine- occurs every 21 days and lasts 44 hrs
Sheep- occurs every 16 days and lasts 30 hrs
Beef- occurs every 21 days and lasts 12 hrs

43. Review of Egg Preparation- JUST READ
The anterior pituitary gland (ap)produces FSH which cause a follicle in the ovaries to grow, as the grow they produce estrogen, and when the estrogen levels peak the animals comes into heat. This is also the time that the follicle ruptures and releases and egg. When this occurs LH is released and cause the follicle to turn into a corpus luteum which produces Progestrone for the maintenance of pregnancy

44. Egg preparation Must OVULATE What does ovulation include?
Increased Progesterone!!!
From where??
Corpus _____________?

45. Sperm Preparation
Must become motile
Must become fertile

46. Sperm movement through uterus
In mammals
Enters cervix
Pass through mucosa layer
Travel upward into the fallopian tube
ARCOSOME at work!
Penetration

47. AI: Artificial Insemination
Video University of Maryland

48. Fusion and Fertilization!
Sperm has entered the egg
Egg depolarizing causing a release of fluid into the surrounding area
Pushes other sperm away
Why?
Sperm dies with hours (varies by species)
FERTILIZED
Egg is now called a ZYGOTE

49. Now What? Division begins Zygote travels down tubes to uterine body
As it grows zygote becomes a blastocyst
Attaches itself to the uterine wall
Signals “I’m Pregnant!”
Gestation begins

50. Sterility
A. Females- only one functional ovary, freemartin, one uterine horn, and blind cervix
A free martin is a heifer born twin to a bull. There is a 75 % chance that this heifer will be sterile due to testosterone leaking and cause her reproductive tract to not fully develop.
B. Males- Genital infections( Brucelossis, vibriosis), poor feeding or management, inherited abnormalities( cryptorchidism, scrotal hernia)

51. Vocabulary
Fertilization
Zygote
Blastocyst
Free Martin

52. Video Nat Geo In the Womb Cats
(part 2)
Watch parts 1-3

53. Gestation and Parturition
Middletown High School Spring 2009
Gestation and Parturition

54. Warm Up How long are these gestations in months? COW- 285 days
GOAT- 150 days
ELEPHANT- 645 days
PIG- 114 days
RABBIT- 33 days
SHEEP- 148 days

55. Essential Question
Why do animal gestations differ?

56. Gestation
What is Gestation?
The period in which an embryo develops

57. What happens during gestation?
Preparing for the outside world!
Lungs and heart practice pumping
Extremities practice movement
Hair , fingernails, hooves begin to grow
Rapidly increases in size

58. Perfect Example : The Egg

60. What’s the Job? Allantois: collects waste
Chorion : keeps it all together
Amnion: contains fluid , protects developing embryo

61. On the board review
Follow along and draw in your notes.

62. Video Nat Geo In the Womb Cats
(part 2)
Watch parts 3-5

63. Pigs

64. Horse Foaling Video

65. Dog Birthing Video

66. Cow birth

67. Activities Equine Book Chapter 11 page 226
Animal Science in Agriculture Chapter 18 page 252

68. Test Review Reproduction
DEFINE: Testosterone, Corpus Luteum, Estrogen, Estrogen, Progesterone, Estrus, Metestrus, Diestrus, Fertilization, Zygote, Blastocyst, Acrosome, Mitochondria, Centrioles
What are the stages of estrus? When is the animal able to determine pregnancy?
What happens to an egg once it is fertilized? Why is this important?
How does sperm mature? Where does this occur?
How does sperm travel to fertilize the egg?
What are the main “jobs” of the anatomical parts of sperm?
What are general stages in mammalian embryo gestation? (at least 5)
What are general stages of mammalian parturition ? (At least 5)