1. Conservation
2.3.10

2. Success Criteria
Distinguish between the terms conservation & preservation
Explain conservation is a dynamic process involving management and reclamation
Discuss the economic, social & ethical reasons for conservation of biological resources
Outline, with examples, the effects of human activities on the animal and plant populations in the Galapagous Islands

3. Think, Pair, Share
What is conservation?

4. Success Criteria
Distinguish between the terms conservation & preservation
Explain conservation is a dynamic process involving management and reclamation
Discuss the economic, social & ethical reasons for conservation of biological resources
Outline, with examples, the effects of human activities on the animal and plant populations in the Galapagous Islands

5. Key Terms Conservation Preservation
Maintenance of biodiversity, including diversity between species, genetic diversity within species, and maintenance of a variety of habitats and ecosystems
Preservation
Protecting ‘untouched’ areas of land eg Antarctica

6. Success Criteria
Distinguish between the terms conservation & preservation
Explain conservation is a dynamic process involving management and reclamation
Discuss the economic, social & ethical reasons for conservation of biological resources
Outline, with examples, the effects of human activities on the animal and plant populations in the Galapagous Islands

7. Conservation KEY INFO Dynamic process Management Reclamation
Raise carrying capacity by increasing food
Move individuals to increase population
Restrict dispersal by fencing
Control predator numbers
Vaccinate individuals against disease
Preserve habitat
Reclamation
Clean up pollution
Remove unwanted species
Recolonise from captive breeding programmes

8. Levels of Diversity: What are we trying to conserve?
Ecosystem
Edge effects
Species
Focus on as easier to relate to
Species interactions e.g. mutualism, predation
Genetic
Diversity within a species
Fisher’s fundamental theorem
E.g. Bottlenecks, inbreeding depression

9. Why is conservation important?
Very few habitats truly natural
Even hotspots have only as much as 30% virgin habitat
Maintaining biodiversity (number of species and genetic diversity within species)
Over-exploitation for food and commerce
Habitat disruption and fragmentation
Introduced species

10. Species Conservation IUCN Red List CITES control trade Plants:
Species recovery programmes in botanic gardens (ex situ conservation)
Publicity
Field Assessment

11. Criteria for Conservation
Distinctiveness
Endangerment
Utility

12. Management strategies
Strategies adopted depends upon the specific characteristics of the ecosystem and the species involved. But could include
Raising carrying capacity by providing extra food
Developing dispersal corridors
Restrict dispersal eg fencing
Control predators and poachers
Vaccinate against disease
Prevent pollution, restrict succession

13. What does conservation involve?
Consideration of social and economic costs to the local community
Effective education and liaison with the community
Establishing protected areas eg National parks, green belt and SSSI
Legal protection, ex-situ conservation

14. Protected Areas
8 grades of protected areas from scientific reserves down to managed areas
Currently only 9% of land surface protected
Habitat protection by:
Buying land e.g. RSPB
Debt Swap
Legislation

15. Conservation Example Partula snails on Moorea
Show classic example of island species diversity
African land snails were a pest so Euglandina were used as a biological control leading to near extinction of Partula
International co-operation and local indigenous peoples
Captive breeding programme at Kew
Returned to wild with anti-predator defences

16. Success Criteria
Distinguish between the terms conservation & preservation
Explain conservation is a dynamic process involving management and reclamation
Discuss the economic, social & ethical reasons for conservation of biological resources
Outline, with examples, the effects of human activities on the animal and plant populations in the Galapagous Islands

17. Use page 210-211 to complete the table
Discuss economic, social and ethical reasons for conservation of biological resources
Social
Ethical
Economic
Use page to complete the table

18. Social Ethical Economic Ecosystem services (forests absorb CO2)
Enrichment (nice to look at)
Culturally valuable
Indicator species provide warning of ecosystem breakdown
Moral & ethical responsibility for 1.5 million named organisms (estimate of total put it at million in total)
Every species is valuable in it’s own right
Sustainable use
Treasure trove (potential food, drugs, genes)
Traded on a local and global scale
If resources are lost there will be less trade in the future
Governments subsidise & encourage over exploitation

19. Success Criteria
Distinguish between the terms conservation & preservation
Explain conservation is a dynamic process involving management and reclamation
Discuss the economic, social & ethical reasons for conservation of biological resources
Outline, with examples, the effects of human activities on the animal and plant populations in the Galapagous Islands

20. Galapagos Islands
Effects of human activities on the animal and plant populations
Habitat disturbance, fragmentation
Use of resources
Increased pollution
Over exploitation
Giant tortoises taken for food
Over fishing for exotic species
Introduced species e.g. goats, cats, insects
Out compete native species e.g. goats outcompete tortoises
Eat native species
Bring diseases

21. Task
Read page and answer questions 1-4

22. question
Outline, with examples, the effects of human activities on the animal and plant populations in the Galapagos Islands [8]

23. Answers Habitat Disturbance Over-exploitation of resources
Demands on utilities due to increased human population
Oil spill in 2001 affected marine and coastal environments
Increased pollution and waste
Fragmentation of forests
Over-exploitation of resources
Species harvested faster than they were being replaced e.g. whales, giant tortoises, sea cucumbers
Introduced Species
Deliberate introductions of non-native species e.g. goats, cats
Accidental introductions e.g. rats, insects
Outcompete native species
Bring disease
E.g. red quinine tree is aggressively invasive species
E.g. goat eats unique native purslane species, outcompetes tortoises