1. IESVic 1 QUANTITATIVE IMAGING OF MULTI-COMPONENT TURBULENT JETS Arash Ash Supervisors: Dr. Djilali Dr. Oshkai Institute for Integrated Energy Systems University of Victoria ICHS2011 – September 12 th 2011

2. IESVic 2 Safety Standards  The integration of a hydrogen gas storage has not been without its challenges.  Flammable characteristics of Hydrogen results in the requirement of more robust, high pressure storage systems that can meet modern safety standards.  Prior to the development of a hydrogen infrastructure, well-researched safety standards must be implemented to reduce the risk of uncontrolled leaks related to hydrogen storage.

3. IESVic 3 H2 – Fuel Cell Application

4. IESVic 4 Project Motivation and Objectives Perform series of well-defined experiments to generate data to guide development of engineering turbulence model suitable for rapid discharge simulations Objectives –experimentally characterize the effects of buoyancy and cross-flow in a complex flow structure –provide a quantitative database that can be used for future concentration measurements and also to validate CFD models

5. IESVic 5 Introduction the momentum and buoyancy effects related to the rapid, uncontrolled release of hydrogen must be studied in detail to accurately determine the resultant dispersion. In this study, dispersion of a buoyant, turbulent, round jet in a quiescent and moving ambient at a wide range of Froude numbers was investigated. This study focuses on slow leaks which might take place in small-scaled hydrogen based systems.

6. IESVic 6 Experimental Setup Jet Apparatus: –honeycomb settling chamber –Sharp-edged orifice –Nozzle Diameter = 2mm Cross-flow assembly: –11m/s ± 4% Laser: Nd YAG 532 nm CCD camera: 1376 × 1040 pixels

7. IESVic 7 Flow Conditions Case Q (lpm – H 2 ) U oc (m/s) FrRer 164.4318.33~1000526311.2 243.4248.98~75041966.9 335.7185.23~50031216.1 42194.56~25015933.2 51218.86~503170.6 Helium density and viscosity are 0.166 kg/m 3 and 1.97E-05 kg/ms, respectively Where Fr – Froude number, Dimensionless; U oc – Jet centerline exit velocity, m/s; g – acceleration due to gravity, m 2 /s; D – Jet diameter, mm;, ρ  – Ambient air density, kg/m 3 and ρ j – Jet exit density of helium, kg/m 3

8. IESVic 8 PIV - Cross Correlation Search Area Original IA Particles In image B

9. IESVic 9 Results and Discussions

10. IESVic 10 Velocity Fields Free Jet Jet in Cross - Flow

11. IESVic 11 Jet Centerline New coordinate system Jet Centerline

12. IESVic 12 Jet Centerline (Continue) Free JetJet in Cross-flow

13. IESVic 13 Scaling Factors Free Jet Jet in Cross-flow Where first effects of buoyancy in case of Fr = 250 and 50, happens at approximately x/L M = 0.16 and 0.61 which corresponds to x/D = 43 and 32 respectively. rD scalingscaling

14. IESVic 14 Velocity Decays Free JetJet in Cross-flow Where: U oc is mean nozzle exit velocity

15. IESVic 15 Velocity Decay (Continue) NCF = Free jet WCF = Jet in cross-flow 1. Decay rates are faster in cross- flowing jets 2. In jet far-field region decay rates drop for jets in cross-flow 3. Decay rate drops in Buoyancy dominated regions

16. IESVic 16 Turbulence Quantities Free jetJet in cross-flow Where, Uc is the time-averaged velocity magnitude along the jet centerline

17. IESVic 17 Conclusion Effects of buoyancy and cross-flow were investigated in subsonic release of Helium, Mean and fluctuation velocity components were quantified using PIV, lowering the Froude number led to slower velocity decays due to the buoyancy-driven acceleration components in buoyancy dominated regions, Increasing effects of buoyancy were observed by reducing the Froude number, The present data can serve to validate computational models derived for investigating hydrogen safety scenarios.

18. IESVic 18 Thank you Questions?

19. IESVic 19 Appendix Initial Condition – Sharp-edged Orifice

20. IESVic 20 Velocity Profiles Free JetJet in cross-flow

21. IESVic 21 Seeding - Stokes number Seeding particles must: 1.Match fluid properties 2.Neutrally buoyant 3.Short response time to flow motion 4.Reflectivity Particle Flow is dominated by Stokes drag: For St>>1, particles will continue in a straight line regardless of fluid streamline but for St<<1, particles will follow the fluid streamlines closely.