1. ICHS 2007, San Sebastian, Spain 1 SAFETY OF LABORATORIES FOR NEW HYDROGEN TECHNIQUES Heitsch, M., Baraldi, D., Moretto, P., Wilkening, H. Institute for Energy (IE) Petten, The Netherlands

2. ICHS 2007, San Sebastian, Spain 2 JRC Locations

3. ICHS 2007, San Sebastian, Spain 3 Outline Motivation Problem Set-up –Geometry –Initial and Boundary Conditions Selected Results Conclusions and Continuation of Work

4. ICHS 2007, San Sebastian, Spain 4 Motivation Assessment of the risk involved in accidental hydrogen releases, Creation of a decision basis for the placement of hydrogen sensors, Simulation of hydrogen release in the laboratory: –Assessment of flammability of clouds by size and duration, Investigation of several hydrogen release scenarios: –Small break low pressure release, –Full cross section release.

5. ICHS 2007, San Sebastian, Spain 5 Problem Set-up: Geometry Laboratory has dimensions of about 18mx8.5mx3.5m with an approximate volume of 285 m 3, Several test stands to investigate hydrogen sorption in materials, Lab is ventilated; above each test stand fume hoods are installed, hydrogen sensors underneath all hoods, Hydrogen system: –200 bar pressure, total hydrogen mass available is about 1,2 kg, –Pipes and joints distributed at the walls.

6. ICHS 2007, San Sebastian, Spain 6 Problem Set-up: Geometry Laboratory and CFD model

7. ICHS 2007, San Sebastian, Spain 7 Problem Set-up: Geometry CFD Model consists of hexahedrals in most locations but also regions of pyramids and tetrahedrals to include hydrogen pipes with 4 mm and 10 mm diameter. Mesh: about 774250 cells with 518660 hexahedrals.

8. ICHS 2007, San Sebastian, Spain 8 Problem Set-up: Initial and Boundary Cond. Analysis software used is CFX 10. Accident happens under normal working conditions in the lab: –Ventilation is working: Flow speeds at inlets and outlets are used in the code as measured, –A run without hydrogen release to get converged flow conditions as initial guess for the accident, The total amount of hydrogen available (1,2 kg) is assumed to eject into the lab. The release is idealised; pressure drop in the hydrogen bottle is not considered -> constant flow rate over time.

9. ICHS 2007, San Sebastian, Spain 9 Problem Set-up: Initial and Boundary Cond. The hydrogen system itself is not modelled, simulation boundaries are located at the open end of the ruptured pipe: –The low pressure scenario assumes a leak at a pipe connector with high pressure loss (sub-critical flow with 100 m/s and 500 m/s), –The high pressure scenario assumes a full cross section break (4 mm diameter) with 50 bar and 100 bar pressure at the pipe outlet. The outlet pressures chosen are based on rough estimates of the internal pressure drop in the hydrogen system at critical outflow conditions (parametric studies). Heat transfer to walls in modelled.

10. ICHS 2007, San Sebastian, Spain 10 Problem Set-up: Initial and Boundary Cond. Validation of CFX for relevant phenomena: –Gas mixing in closed space, e.g.: HYJET, ThAI, LSGMF from AECL and OECD-SETH tests with helium instead of hydrogen and SBEP-V3 investigating hydrogen, –Critical outflow: some work by vendor, but needs more data, e.g. paper 1.1.125 (FZK and ProScience) from this conference.

11. ICHS 2007, San Sebastian, Spain 11 Problem Set-up: Initial and Boundary Cond. Leak outflow histories for critical cases (50 and 100 bar):

12. ICHS 2007, San Sebastian, Spain 12 Selected Results: Sub-critical cases Very low amount of flammable mass:

13. ICHS 2007, San Sebastian, Spain 13 Selected Results: Critical cases Hydrogen release for the 100 bar case:

14. ICHS 2007, San Sebastian, Spain 14 Selected Results: Critical cases Flammable mass similar for both pressures:

15. ICHS 2007, San Sebastian, Spain 15 Selected Results: Critical cases Influence of mesh resolution on flammable mass:

16. ICHS 2007, San Sebastian, Spain 16 Conclusions and Continuation of Work Simulations of accidental hydrogen release with CFX show that the existing ventilation system in the lab removes almost all hydrogen after about 80 s. Most of the flammable mass is restricted to concentrations below 10%. CFX proved to be robust enough to include very different length scales (from 4 mm to several metres) in combination with a range of time scales (from milliseconds to minutes) in a single run.

17. ICHS 2007, San Sebastian, Spain 17 Conclusions and Continuation of Work Continuation of work is focused on: –the inclusion of the hydrogen storage system, –high mesh resolution in the outflow region, –allow for hydrogen deflagration in combination with the flame acceleration criterion, –more comprehensive application of Best Practice Guidelines.