2. ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. An Introduction to Health and Physical Education Ted Temertzoglou Paul Challen ISBN 1-55077-132-9 Exercise Science Section 19: Exercise Science Section 19: Motor Learning and Skill Acquisition

3. ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. Basic Principles  Motor learning  The process by which a person develops, through a combination of physical and psychological factors, the ability to perform a task  Root of any motor activity lies in the sensory and nervous systems  Motor learning divided into to basic concepts  Automatic motor activity  Controlled motor activity  Principle of Individual Differences  Individuals vary widely in terms of how quickly and easily they learn new skills

4. ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. Stages of Motor Learning  Fitts and Posner’s stages-of-learning model  Cognitive stage  Basic understanding of task  Learner commits relatively large errors; may need specific instruction on how to improve  Associative Stage  Learner begins to refine skill  Develop awareness of mistakes  Effort becomes more consistent  Autonomous Stage  Skill becomes “automatic”  Aware of mistakes and how to correct them

5. ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. Factors Affecting Skill Development  Incorrect understanding of the movement  Poor physical abilities  Poor condition of movement  Incorrect application of power  Lack of concentration  Inappropriate equipment, clothing, or footwear  External factors  Weather conditions © iStockphoto.com/”Thomas_EyeDesign”

6. ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. Teaching and Learning a Skill  Five-step method of skills teaching  Readying  Preparatory  Work to attain ideal mental and emotional state  Imaging  Develop “picture” in mind of correct skill execution  Focusing  “zero” in on skill  Executing  Learner attempts skill after completing first three stages  Evaluating  Assess which aspects of skill were successful and which needed improvement

7. ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. The Role of Evaluation  Feedback provides the learner with information on progress when learning to perform a skill  Can assist in performance improvement  Two types of feedback:  KR feedback  Knowledge of results of an action  Example: individual working on golf swing can get KR feedback by seeing how far ball travelled after each shot  KP feedback  Knowledge of performance  Example: individual practising golf shot would not be concerned with where ball lands but with the actual swing

8. ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. Skill Categories  Locomotor-Moving Skills  Body transport  Walking, running, skating, etc.  Manipulative-Handling Skills  Object manipulation  Catching, throwing, etc.  Stability-Balancing Skills  Balancing skills  Two feet, one foot, etc. © iStockphoto.com/”LajosRepasi”

9. ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. Classifying Skills  Open skill  Performed in an unpredictable environment  Requires participants to adapt their movements to changing nature of environment  Environmental conditions are in motion  Closed skill  Predictable environment  Permits participants to plan movements in advance  Environmental conditions are stationary

10. ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. Skills Analysis  Stages of skill observation  Identify the purpose of the skill  Knowing skill purpose assists observation of skill  Break the skill into phases  Preliminary movements  Movements needed to get ready for skill  Back-swing or recovery movements  Movements that take place just before force-producing movements  Force-producing movements  Movements executed to produce force for impact or propulsion  Critical instant  Point that determines how effective skill execution will be  Follow-through  Movements that take place after critical instant

11. ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. Skills Analysis – cont’d  Identify key elements of each phase  Break each phase into observable elements  Key elements of each phase generally connected to execution of other skill phases  Develop observation plan  Must decide before watching how they are going to perform the observation process  Determination of which key elements will be observed  Develop scanning strategy to obtain general picture before focusing on specific elements  Choose a varied number of positions for observation  Determination of how many observations needed

12. ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. Adapting Skill Development  Shaping  Encourages learners to develop “shape” a skill gradually  Skill demonstration includes only the most important actions  Missing pieces added gradually until whole skill is learned  Gradual process  Chaining  Forward chaining  Start at beginning of action  Learn first phase, then second phase, then chain the phases together before moving onto the third phase, etc.  Backward chaining  Begin at end of complex and work backward

13. ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.