2. ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. An Introduction to Health and Physical Education Ted Temertzoglou Paul Challen ISBN 1-55077-132-9 Exercise Science Section 6: The Nervous System and the Control of Movement

3. ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. The Components of the Nervous System

4. ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.  The central nervous system (CNS) is divided into two parts:  The vertebral column and the spinal cord:  Main pathway for information connecting the brain and peripheral nervous system  The brain:  Main control centre  Receives and interprets endless signals  Has six main parts:  Cerebrum  Cerebellum  Brain stem  Diencephalon  Limbic system  Reticular activating system The Central Nervous System

5. ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. The Peripheral Nervous System  Peripheral nervous system (PNS):  Consists of those parts of the nervous system that lie outside the CNS  Carries information in and out of the CNS  Includes:  12 pairs of cranial nerves  31 pairs of spinal nerves  Contains both autonomic and somatic components

6. ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. The Autonomic Nervous System  Autonomic nervous system (ANS):  Comprised of two systems:  Sympathetic system:  Causes localized bodily adjustments to occur  Prepares body for emergencies (i.e. releases adrenaline, increases heart rate)  Parasympathetic system:  Returns body to normal (after it’s been altered by the sympathetic system)  Systems work in unison

7. ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. Somatic Nervous System  Somatic nervous system:  Handles the muscles in our extremities  Contains both afferent and efferent nerve fibres:  Afferent nerves:  Send information to the CNS  Efferent nerves:  Send instructions to skeletal muscle  PNS receives and processes information

8. ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. Autonomic and Somatic Nervous Systems

9. ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. The Reflex Arc  Five parts to a reflex arc:  Receptor  Sensory (or afferent) nerve  Intermediate nerve fibre  Motor (or efferent) nerve  Effector organ  Reflex arc:  Pathway in which the initial stimulus and the corresponding response message travel

10. ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. The Proprioceptor System  Proprioceptors:  Specialized receptors located within tendons, muscles, and joints  Provide sensory information (ex. state of muscle contraction) through the primary use of two sensory receptors: golgi tendon organs and muscle spindles  Continuously monitor muscle actions  “Tell” the nervous system about the state of muscle contraction  Act as a kind of safety device allowing the nervous system to respond accordingly

11. ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. Golgi Tendon Organs

12. ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. The Muscle Spindle Motor neuron Sensory neuron (two branches within) Muscle spindle within muscle fibre (magnified) Muscle fibres

13. ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. Golgi Tendon Organs & Muscle Spindles Golgi Tendon OrgansMuscle Spindles Location Where tendon meets muscle fibre In belly of muscle fibre PositionIn series with muscle fibreParallel to muscle fibre Respond to Changes in muscle/tendon tension Changes in muscle length Sensory neurons 12

14. ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. The Stretch Reflex  Stretch Reflex:  Simplest spinal reflex  Depends on the single connection between primary afferent fibres and motor neurons of same muscle  Sequence of nerve impulses and motions (e.g. tapping patella ligament):  Receptor muscle senses action of hammer against patella ligament through the muscle spindle’s sensory neuron  Message transmitted along afferent nerve axon to spinal cord  Afferent neuron synapses with the efferent pathway of same muscle  Impulse transmitted along efferent pathways to muscle  Motor units contract–brings about knee-jerk action

15. ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. Muscle Spindles at Work Motor neuron Sensory neuron (two branches within) Muscle fibres

16. ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. Polysynaptic Reflexes  Withdrawal reflex:  Rapid and occurs before brain has time to interpret the information  Involves the withdrawal of a body part from a painful stimulus  Reflex action involves transferring impulse from a sensory neuron to a motor neuron through a connecting interneuron  Crossed-Extensor Reflex:  Observed when one leg or arm automatically compensates for a reflex action in opposing leg or arm  Involves multiple synapses and muscle groups

17. ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. The Withdrawal Reflex and the Crossed- Extensor Reflex

18. ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. Spinal Cord and Head Injuries  Spinal cord injuries:  Damage to the spine can result in an inability to send impulses to body parts  Nerves above injury keep working, nerves below may not  Paraplegia:  Injury prevents use of legs but not arms  Quadriplegia:  Injury prevents movement of both arms and legs © iStockphoto.com/”caracterdesign”

19. ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. Spinal Cord and Head Injuries  Head injuries:  Most common head injury is a concussion:  Occurs when brain literally hits the skull; often involves injury to nerve fibres  Ranges from mild to severe  Symptoms can include: headaches, fatigue, memory problems, or slurred speech © iStockphoto.com/”AlexKalina”

20. ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.