1. Understanding Life Processes Intro to Habitat and Wildlife Management

2. Student Learning Objectives 1. Explain important life processes of wildlife organisms. 2. Describe the life span stages of wildlife. 3. Distinguish between the feeding groups. 4. Describe how ecosystems are important in wildlife biology.

3. Objective 1: Explain important life processes of wildlife organisms All living things have life processes.

4. Life processes A. Life processes are essential functions of a living organism in order to remain in the living condition. 1. Supporting life processes is a part of managing wildlife populations. 2. When life processes stop, an organism dies. 3. There are eight life processes used in wildlife science.

5. Eight Life Processes Growth and Repair Food Circulation Locomotion Reproduction Respiration Secretion Sensation

6. Life processes 1. Growth is the process of an organism increasing in size by adding cells, by the cells getting larger, or by replacing cells. 1. With young organisms, growth is primarily adding cells to increase size. 2. With mature organisms, growing new cells is needed to replace those that are lost. 3. Growth requires food with essential nutrients.

7. Life processes 2. Food is any substance that nourishes an organism. 1. Animals get their food by swallowing, otherwise known as ingestion. 2. Once ingested, digestion, which is the process that changes food into forms that can be absorbed by the animal, occurs. 3. Plants make their food by the process of photosynthesis.

8. Life processes 3. Circulation is the movement of substances within an organism. 1. Food nutrients, digested food, and other substances are involved in circulation. 2. Animals have a circulatory system that involves the heart, and blood vessels.

9. Life processes 4. Respiration is the process by which an organism provides its cells with food and oxygen. 1. Oxygen and carbon dioxide are the two primary substances important in respiration. 2. Animals use structures, such as lungs and gills, for respiration.

10. Life processes 5. Secretion is the production within an organism of substances needed for life processes. 1. Specialized body structures, known as glands, are often responsible for secretion.

11. Life processes 6. Sensation is the ability of an organism to feel or otherwise gather information and respond to its environment. 1. Animal’s sensation is easier to understand than plants. 2. Animals typically have touch, taste, sight, smell, and hearing.

12. Life processes 7. All organisms have some type of movement. 1. Internal movements are needed for an organism to carry out life processes. 2. Locomotion is the movement of an animal from one place to another.

13. Life processes 8. Reproduction is the process by which organisms give rise to new organisms of the same species. 1. This is not a life process that is essential for living; however it is essential for a species to perpetuate itself. 2. Reproduction may involve sexual or asexual reproduction.

14. Objective 2: Describe the life span stages of wildlife. Life span is the period of life of an organism which includes five stages. ◦ Beginning ◦ Growth ◦ Maturity ◦ Decline ◦ Death

15. Life span stages of wildlife. A. The first stage is the beginning. 1. With animals, life span begins with birth or hatching. 2. Most animal babies require some support from their mothers, although some can live without care provided.

16. Life span stages of wildlife. B. The second stage is growth and development. 1. New organisms grow and develop to reach maturity. 2. If nutritious food is available in an organism’s environment, they will typically grow rapidly.

17. Life span stages of wildlife. C. The third stage maturity. 1. Mature organisms are fully developed, although some additional growth or changes may occur. 2. Maturity includes the ability to reproduce.

18. Life span stages of wildlife. D. The fourth stage is decline. 1. Eventually, organisms begin to lose their ability to maintain themselves, and aging sets in. 2. Life processes may occur at a slower rate and the organisms loses its strength and weakens.

19. Life span stages of wildlife. E. The fifth stage is death. 1. Death is the end of the life of an organism. 2. The protoplasm in its cells is no longer active. 3. Upon death, an organism decays and the nutrients return to the earth to support future life.

20. Objective 3: Distinguish between the feeding groups. There are two ways that feeding groups are classified. ◦ Biophage ◦ Saprophage

21. Feeding groups A. Feeding groups can be classified by whether what they eat is living or dead. 1. A biophage is a wildlife animal that eats living plants or animals. 2. A saprophage is a wildlife animal that eats dead animals or plants. They are sometimes known as scavengers.

22. Feeding groups B. Feeding groups can be based on food material that they eat. 1. herbivore 2. carnivore 3. omnivore

23. Feeding groups 1. A herbivore is a wildlife animal that eats only plant food material. 2. A carnivore is a wildlife animal that eats only the flesh of other animals. Carnivores are usually the larger animals that prey on the smaller animals. 3. An omnivore is a wildlife animal that eats both plant and animal material.

24. Objective 4: Describe how ecosystems are important in wildlife biology. Every living thing has a particular environment in which it survives.

25. Ecosystems A. An ecosystem is the community of living and nonliving things in a particular environment or area. 1. Ecosystems may be large or small and include air, water, and land. 2. Ecosystems are always changing. If a drastic change occurs, an organism is forced to seek a new place to live or it dies.

26. Ecosystems B. two major factors in an ecosystem are biotic and abiotic. 1. A biotic factor is a living organism, such as an animal or plant. Biotic factors depend on the abiotic factors for life-giving needs. 2. Abiotic factors are the nonliving things, such as water, sunlight, and soil. Without abiotic factors, organisms cannot live.

27. Ecosystems C. Ecosystems have an organized energy transfer system. 1. A food chain is the sequence in a community in which animal wildlife species get their food. All species have different food chains. 2. The differences in the food chains form unique, interconnected food webs.

28. Review/Summary 1. Explain important life processes of wildlife organisms? 2. Describe the life span stages of wildlife? 3. Distinguish between the feeding groups? 4. Describe how ecosystems are important in wildlife biology?