1. Metric System Basics Why we need International Standardization

2. The issue of standards hose couplings was eventually settled in the early 1930's, at least in the United States – however, it appears that even today, fire trucks in many areas around Baltimore still carry adapters to hook two different types of fire hydrants to their hoses……. Three competing screw and fastener standards existed - British Whitworth Standards - American "Sellers" Standards - Baltimore Steamer Standards...and c. 600 other! Hose couplings could not attach to the hydrants or to other hoses Baltimore fire – 1904

3. At the international level the international screw thread debate in ISO – started in 1947 with the creation of ISO TC 1 "Screw Threads" and –went on in earnest for some 17 years before the first standard was published, and –continued another 20 years before the definitive set of metric ISO screw thread standards were finally approved in the early 1980's Screw Threads

4. Pre-1791 - many units were based on (Royal) body parts (e.g. the King’s foot) 1791 - Metric system introduced (in France, at the height of the Revolution) 1840 - Metric system obligatory in France 1875 - ‘Metre Convention’ signed by 17 nations 1960 - SI Units system (Système International d’Unités) established (in Paris) 1978 - ISO 31 (SI Units) published 2006 - USA, Myanmar (Burma), and Liberia officially remain non-metric countries International standards are essential SI Units A 200+ year-old base for trade … metre (m) kilogram (kg) second (s) ampere (A) kelvin (K) mole (mol) candela (cd)

5. Oil trades internationally as ‘barrels’, a non- metric quantity standardized in 1872 as 42 US Gallons Reference to US Gallon is vital even if it is not an SI/metric unit because the defining pint sub-unit is different –USA gallon (8 USA pints) = 3.785411784 Litres –UK gallon (8 UK pints ) = 4.54609 Litres That is a difference of 32 litres compared with the same (larger) quantity expressed in UK gallons! International standards are essential Selling oil in ‘barrels:’ A standardized exception to the rules

6. 17c - Measures existed (broc, sétier, pot, pichet, etc.) but varied between towns 1616 – Berne attempted to impose standards 1791 – Metric system being developed in France 1801 – First Swiss uniform system of measures 1822 – Swiss Pot was standardized as 1.35 l 1836 – Swiss Pot revised to 1.5 l with Demi-pot of 0.75 l 1877 – Full metric system adopted across Switzerland Now – Eurobottle of 0.75 l has been adopted world-wide International standards are essential A Swiss case (of wine) … (From serving aid to measure to standard)

7. 7 Thomas Jefferson was intrigued by the metric system and strongly advocated the use of decimal-based measures But he only got half of what he wanted...

8. 8 METRIC MONEY That is, money based on the decimal system

9. 9 ….and “metric” stock prices, too That is, decimal-based stock prices

10. 10 BUT we insist on keeping the archaic inch-pound measurement system based on...

11. 11 fractions of an inch... 12 inches to a foot…. 3 feet to a yard…. 5.5 yards to a rod... 320 rods to a mile... 43,560 sq ft to an acre...

12. 12 16 ounces to a pound... (avoirdupois) 12 ounces to a pound... (troy) 4 quarts to a gallon... 3 teaspoons to a tablespoon…

13. 13 You get the point

14. Metric System The metric system is based on a base unit that corresponds to a certain kind of measurement Length = meter Volume = liter Weight (Mass) = gram Prefixes plus base units make up the metric system –Example: Centi + meter = Centimeter Kilo + liter = Kiloliter

15. Metric System The three prefixes that we will use the most are: –kilo –centi –milli kilo hectodeca Base Units meter gram liter deci centimilli

16. Metric System So if you needed to measure length you would choose meter as your base unit –Length of a tree branch 1.5 meters –Length of a room 5 meters –Length of a ball of twine stretched out 25 meters

17. Metric System But what if you need to measure a longer distance, like from your house to school? –Let’s say you live approximately 10 miles from school 10 miles = 16093 meters –16093 is a big number, but what if you could add a prefix onto the base unit to make it easier to manage: 16093 meters = 16.093 kilometers (or 16.1 if rounded to 1 decimal place)

18. Metric System These prefixes are based on powers of 10. What does this mean? –From each prefix every “step” is either: 10 times larger or 10 times smaller –For example Centimeters are 10 times larger than millimeters 1 centimeter = 10 millimeters kilo hectodeca Base Units meter gram liter deci centimilli

19. Metric System –Centimeters are 10 times larger than millimeters so it takes more millimeters for the same length 1 centimeter = 10 millimeters Example not to scale 1 mm 1 cm 40 41 40

20. Metric System For each “step” to right, you are multiplying by 10 For example, let’s go from a base unit to centi 1 liter = 10 deciliters = 100 centiliters 2 grams = 20 decigrams = 200 centigrams kilo hectodeca meter liter gram deci centimilli ( 1 x 10 = 10) = (10 x 10 = 100) (2 x 10 = 20) = (20 x 10 = 200)

21. Metric System An easy way to move within the metric system is by moving the decimal point one place for each “step” desired Example: change meters to centimeters 1 meter = 10 decimeters = 100 centimeters or 1.00 meter = 10.0 decimeters = 100. centimeters kilo hectodeca meter liter gram deci centimilli

22. Metric System Now let’s try our previous example from meters to kilometers: 16093 meters = 1609.3 decameters = 160.93 hectometers = 16.093 kilometers So for every “step” from the base unit to kilo, we moved the decimal 1 place to the left (the same direction as in the diagram below) kilo hectodeca meter liter gram deci centimilli

23. Metric System If you move to the left in the diagram, move the decimal to the left If you move to the right in the diagram, move the decimal to the right kilo hectodeca meter liter gram deci centimilli

24. Metric System Now let’s start from centimeters and convert to kilometers 400000 centimeters = 4 kilometers 400000 centimeters = 4.00000 kilometers kilo hectodeca meter liter gram deci centimilli

25. Metric System Now let’s start from meters and convert to kilometers 4000 meters = 4 kilometers kilo hectodeca meter liter gram deci centimilli kilo hectodeca meter liter gram deci centimilli Now let’s start from centimeters and convert to meters 4000 centimeters = 40 meters

26. Metric System Now let’s start from meters and convert to centimeters 5 meters = 500 centimeters kilo hectodeca meter liter gram deci centimilli kilo hectodeca meter liter gram deci centimilli Now let’s start from kilometers and convert to meters.3 kilometers = 300 meters

27. Metric System Now let’s start from kilometers and convert to millimeters 4 kilometers = 4000000 millimeters or 4 kilometers = 40 hectometers = 400 decameters = 4000 meters = 40000 decimeters = 400000 centimeters = 4000000 millimeters kilo hectodeca meter liter gram deci centimilli

28. Metric System Summary –Base units in the metric system are meter, liter, gram –Metric system is based on powers of 10 –For conversions within the metric system, each “step” is 1 decimal place to the right or left –Using the diagram below, converting to the right, moves the decimal to the right and vice versa kilo hectodeca meter liter gram deci centimilli

29. Temperature Conversion In the United States, temperature is measured and recorded in the Fahrenheit scale in everyday use. Many other countries measure temperature by using the Celsius(Centigrade) scale. Knowing the differences between the two scales and how to convert from one scale to the other is important to travelers.

30. The Fahrenheit and Celsius Scales The Fahrenheit scale is based on a scale of 32° (freezing point) and 212° (boiling point). The Celsius system is based on a scale of 0°C (freezing point) to 100° (boiling point).

31. Convert Between Celsius and Fahrenheit Temperatures To convert between Celsius (C) and Fahrenheit (F) temperatures, you can use one of these two formulas. F = 1.8C + 32 C =