1. System Analysis and Design
3. Information systems
Program: BSCS II (Advent Semester – 2014)
Lecturer: Rebecca Asiimwe

2. Information systems What is an Information Systems?
Computer- based vs. Manual systems
Who uses Information Systems
Types of Information Systems

3. Information
Information is an organizational resource which must be managed as carefully as other resources
Costs are associated with information processing
Information processing must be managed to take full advantage of its potential
To support and achieve bullet one and three above, we need information systems.

4. What is an Information system
A set of interrelated components that work together to collect, process, store and distribute information to support decision making and control in an organization.
Information system is an arrangement of components that are integrated to accomplish the purpose of fulfilling the information needs of an organization.

5. Why do organizations have Information Systems?
To make operations efficient
For effective management
To gain a competitive advantage
To support an organization's long-term goals

6. Information systems and Decisions

7. Information Systems
Input, processing, storage and output are the activities in an IS that manipulate the information an organization needs.
Input – Captures raw data from both the internal & external environments.
Processing – Converts this raw data into a meaningful form
Storage – storing /keeping data permanently on storage devices
Output – transfers the information (processed data) to the people who will use it or to the activities for which it will be used.

8. Computer Based Vs. Manual ISs
Information systems can either be Computer Based or Manual
Manual systems:
Paper based systems - don't need electricity to work. It is much more difficult for someone to steal information from a paper based system (provided it is stored safely) than it is for hackers to destroy or break into confidential records in a computer based system. They don't get viruses!

9. Computer Based Vs. Manual ISs
Computer Based information systems :
A set of hardware, software, database, telecommunications, people, and procedures that work together to collect, manipulate, store and process data into information.

10. Categories
Information systems fall into one of the following eight categories:
Transaction Processing Systems (TPS)
Office Automation Systems (OAS)
Knowledge Work Systems (KWS)
Management Information Systems (MIS)
Decision Support Systems (DSS)
Expert Systems (ES)
Group Decision Support Systems (GDSS)
Executive Support Systems (EES)

11. IS as a part of a work system
How work is
performed by
people and
technology
People, who
enter, process
and use
information
PEOPLE
WORK
PRACTICES
INFORMATION SYSTEM
Formatted
data, text,
images and
sounds
Hardware and
software that
process
information
INFORMATION
INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY

12. Building Blocks of an Information System
The components are grouped into five;
People- users, managers and developers
Data – raw material used to create useful information
Activities-business activities ,data processing and information generating activities that support the business activities
Network- the distribution of other building blocks to useful locations and communication and coordination between those locations
Technology- the hardware and software that supports the other building blocks

13. Building Block-PEOPLE
Most vital building block
There are many roles for people in Information Systems.
Systems are built by people and for the people
System Owners,
System users,
System designer,
System builder

14. Building Block- PEOPLE
System Owners- are information system’s sponsors and chief advocates. They are usually responsible for budgeting the money and time to develop and support the system and acceptance of the system
System Users- are people who use the Information System on a regular basis- capturing, validating, entering, responding to and storing data and information

15. Examples of System Users
Clerical workers; book keeper, clerks, office workers
Technical and professional staff- business and industrial specialists
Supervisors-lowest level of Manager
Middle managers- short term(tactical) planning, organizing and controlling and decision making
Executive managers- long term (strategic) planning and control for the business
Pyramid illustration of the system Users

16. Building Block- PEOPLE
System Designers -translate users’ business requirements and constraints into technical solutions. They design components like databases, inputs, outputs, screens, networks and programs that will meet system users’ requirement
System Builders - Construct the information system based on design specifications.

17. Building Block- DATA
Data is raw, unorganized, discrete potentially-useful facts and figures that are later processed to produce information that must have value.
In information systems, ones information may be another person’s data

18. Building Block-ACTIVITIES
Information systems should do something useful
Activities define the functionality of an information system
We have business and information system activities
Business activities- day-to-day processes that support an organization's purpose, mission ,goal and objectives
Information System activities –IS processes that support business activities
Different representations of activities are switched to different people

19. Activities
Information systems provide different levels of support for different business functions and different users
The functions are aligned with the information workers who typically use those functions thus the different types of information systems as will be discussed in later slides.

20. Building block- NETWORK
This looks at the distributions structure of people, data, activities and technology for suitable business location and movement of data between these locations
The intention of networking is to provide the cooperate processing between systems, computers and people

21. Building Block- TECHNOLOGY
The base of Information Systems is Technology
We have different kinds of technology
Data technology- to capture and manage data resources
Processing technology- to support business and Information System activities
Communication Technology- to interconnect data and process technology at different locations

22. Types of information systems
Organizations and individuals use different types of systems for different purposes.
Below are some of the main types of Information Systems and their uses
Key ones you need to know are TPS, MIS, DSS and EIS

24. Transaction Processing system (TPS)
Basic business system- Data processing system
Supports the operational level of the business
TPS are information system applications that collect( capture), process and store information about transactions.

25. TPS Processes Has 6 processes: Data Entry Data Capture
Data Validation (Process that ensures that the correct type and valued data is input into the system)
Processing and Revalidation
Storage And
Output

26. TPS Often tied to other systems like inventory system
Examples ATMs, store sales system, Visa Credit card payment system, Inventory systems, personnel record keeping, application tracking
Supports on-line transaction processing

27. Office Automation System
Office Automation System (OAS) is an information system application that provides for improved communication between all levels of information workers
Used for increasing personal productivity and reducing paper warfare.
Office Automation Systems are software packages such as MS Office which include word processors, spreadsheets, databases, presentation software, , internet, desktop publishing programs and project management software.

28. Management Information System
Condenses and converts TPS data into information for monitoring performance and managing an organization
Transactions recorded in a TPS are analyzed and reported by an MIS
They produce reports as outputs from large amounts of input
Used by middle managers.
Example: Annual Budgeting system

29. Decision Support Systems (DSS)
Helps senior (strategic) staff make decisions by providing information, models or analysis tools.
For support of semi-structured and unstructured decisions
Used more for analytical work
Their inputs are aggregate data, and they produce projections.

30. Decision Support and Expertise
Sometimes managers don’t know what information will help them until the need to make a decision
DSS is an application that provides users with decision- oriented information where decision making situation arises
It doesn’t make decision /solve problems but provides useful information to support decision making

31. Expert Systems Expert systems are an extension of the DSS
Expert system is an information system application that captures the knowledge or expertise of a specialist then simulates the thinking of that expert for those with less or no expertise
Also known as Knowledge based system or Artificial intelligence based system

32. Executive Information System (EIS)
EIS provides executives information in a readily accessible, interactive format.
Form of MIS intended for top-level executive use. summarizing data at a very high level.
This relates to reports, statistics, stock inventories, payroll details, budgets or any other details that assist managers run an organization
Very expensive to run and require extensive staff support

33. Q & A