1. Chapter 3 Part 2 Nubia and the Bantu Migrations 1©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

2. Development of African Agriculture Sahara desert originally highly fertile region Western Sudan region nomadic herders, ca. 9000 B.C.E.  Domestication of cattle ca. 7500 B.C.E.  Later, cultivation of sorghum, yams, increasingly diverse Widespread desiccation of the Sahara ca. 5000 B.C.E. 2 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

3. The Gift of the Nile Gradual, predictable flooding Alluvial deposits support productive agricultural society “Gift of the Nile” 3 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

4. Early Agriculture in Nile Valley 10,000 B.C.E. migrants from Red Sea hills (northern Ethiopia)  Introduce collection of wild grains, language roots of Coptic 5000 B.C.E. Sudanic cultivators, herders migrate to Nile River valley Adaptation to seasonal flooding of Nile through construction of dikes, waterways  Villages dot Nile by 4000 B.C.E. 4 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

5. Impact on Political Organization As in Mesopotamia, a need for formal organization of public affairs Need to maintain order and organize community projects Egypt: simple, local irrigation projects Rural rather than heavily urban development Trade networks develop 5 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

6. Egyptian Relations with Nubia Competition over Nile trade Military conflict between 3100 and 2600 B.C.E. Drove Nubians to the south  Established kingdom of Kush, ca. 2500 B.C.E. Trade, cultural influences continue despite military conflict 6 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

7. Economic Specialization Bronze metallurgy introduced late, with Hyksos invasion Development of iron early, ca. 900 B.C.E. Trade along Nile River  More difficult in Nubia due to cataracts  Sea trade in Mediterranean 7 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

8. Bantu Migrations, 3000-1000 B.C.E. Bantu: “people” Migration throughout sub-Saharan regions  Population pressures Over 500 variations of original Bantu language  90 million speakers By 1000 B.C.E., occupied most of Africa south of the equator 8 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

9. Bantu Migrations, 2000 B.C.E.-1000 C.E. ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 9

10. Bantu Religions Evidence of early monotheism Deistic views as well  Prayers to intercessors, e.g. ancestor spirits Great variations among populations 10 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.