1. The Republican Victory

2. Jefferson’s Inauguration 1. Large crowds attended the inauguration 2. John Adams, whom Jefferson had defeated, refused to attend. 3. Republicans had won control of the White House and both houses of Congress. 4. Inauguration marked first transfer of power from one political party to another in U.S. history; peaceful transfer of power a rare achievement at that time.

3. Inaugural Address 1. Jefferson stressed that he supported will of the majority but opposed mob rule. 2. Tried to reassure Federalists that he would run the government fairly and called for unity between political parties.

4. Jefferson in Office

5. Putting Republican Ideas into Practice 1. Jefferson chose James Madison as secretary of state and Albert Gallatin as secretary of the treasury. 2. Jefferson lowered military spending, reduced the size of the army and the navy. 3. Hoped to use savings from military cuts to repay the national debt 4. Eliminated domestic taxes, such as the whiskey tax

6. Relations with the Federalists 1. Jefferson kept the Bank of the United States, which the Federalists had established and he had opposed, because the banking system seemed practical. 2. Replaced a number of Federalist officials with Republican appointee

7. Marbury v. Madison

8. New Judicial Offices 1. Before Jefferson took office as president, Federalists in Congress passed a law creating many new judgeships and court offices. 2. President John Adams appointed Federalists to fill these positions. (Midnight Judges) 3. When Jefferson took office, some of these Federalists had not yet received their special commissions authorizing their appointments. 4. Jefferson ordered James Madison not to issue the papers.

9. Marbury’s Case 1. William Marbury, one of the people who had not received a commission, asked the U.S. Supreme Court to order the executive branch to issue the document. 2. Claimed the Judiciary Act of 1789 gave the court this power

10. The Court’s Ruling 1. John Marshall, chief justice of the U.S. Supreme Court, was a Federalist who disagreed with President Jefferson about many issues. 2. Supreme Court ruled in Marbury v. Madison that the Supreme Court did not have the power to force the executive branch to give Marbury his paper. 3. Declared the Judiciary Act of 1789, which gave the court this power, was unconstitutional, or not allowed by the Constitution 4. Marbury V. Madison case –est. the power of judicial review—the power of the U.S. Supreme Court to declare an act of Congress to be unconstitutional.

11. The Louisiana Purchase

12. French Ambitions 1. General Napoleon Bonaparte, (Leader of France) wanted to rebuild France’s empire in North America. a. Planned to send troops to Louisiana b. First, needed to recapture the former French colony of St. Dominque (present-day Haiti) to establish a supply base near Louisiana. bb. Enslaved Africans took over St. Domingue in the 1790s to gain freedom. 2. Former enslaved African Toussaint- Louverture ruled the island. 3. He failed to take Haiti in 1802

13. American Concerns 1. Jefferson a. Learned that Spain had returned Louisiana to France and feared that French control of the region would block U.S. western expansion. b. With control of New Orleans, France could also interfere with American trade along the Mississippi River.

14. The Louisiana Purchase 1. Jefferson told the U.S. ambassador to France to make an offer to buy New Orleans and West Florida from France.

15. A Surprising Offer 1. France needed money because it was about to go to war against Britain. 2. Napoleon also hoped that if the United States owned Louisiana, it could challenge Britain’s power in North America

16. A Growing Nation 1. U.S. diplomats signed treaty to buy Louisiana for $15 million. 2. Jefferson feared that he did not have the constitutional power to buy Louisiana but agreed to the purchase because it was in the country’s best interest. 3. The Louisiana Purchase of 1803 almost doubled the size of the United States.

17. Mission of Discovery A. Jefferson planned an expedition to explore western lands. B. Meriwether Lewis, who had served as Jefferson’s assistant, led the expedition. C. Lieutenant William Clark was co-leader.

18. The Lewis and Clark Expedition A. In May 1804 the Lewis and Clark expedition set out from St. Louis, in present- day Missouri. 1. Sacagawea, a Shoshone Indian woman, assisted the group. 2. Crossed Great Plains and Rocky Mountains. a. Learned much about western lands and paths. b. established relations with several American Indian groups c. Collected valuable scientific information.

19. Pike’s Exploration A. Zebulon Pike led an expedition to find the source of the Red River. 1.Explored Rocky Mountains in present-day Colorado, 2.New Mexico and Spanish-held lands, where the Spanish arrested him

20. SECTION 3: Coming of War

21. A. Danger on the High Seas 1. U.S. Navy sent to end pirate raids conducted by North African countries called the Barbary States.

22. B. Problems with Great Britain 1. U.S. supplied goods and war materials to Great Britain and France, who went to war in 1803. 2. Each nation passed laws to stop the United States from trading with its enemy. 3. The British stopped and seized American ships and also searched them for runaway British sailors, who were then forced to return to the British navy. 4. Impressment, or forcing people to serve in the army or navy, angered the United States, particularly when the British accidentally impressed some U.S. citizens.

23. A Trade War A. Many Americans called for an embargo, or the banning of trade, in response to Britain’s violations of U.S. neutrality.

24. Trade Laws 1. Congress passed the Embargo Act, which banned trade with foreign nations. a. Damaged American economy, 2. Replaced by Non-Intercourse Act, which banned trade with Britain, France, and their colonies and stated the United States would resume trade with the first side to stop violating U.S. neutrality

25. The Rise of Tecumseh A. American Indians and American settlers in Northwest Territory clashed. B. Shawnee chief Tecumseh tried to unite American Indians against the United States.

26. War on the Frontier A. William Henry Harrison, governor of Indiana Territory, saw Tecumseh as a threat. B. Battle of Tippecanoe- Harrison’s forces defeated American Indian forces, which caused Tecumseh to lose much of his support.

27. The War Debate (Hawks and Doves) A. The War Hawks 1. Members of Congress who favored war against Great Britain. 2. Leaders included Henry Clay, John C. Calhoun. 3. Some thought war as only answer, and some hoped war might expand the United States

28. B. Opposition 1. Federalists in New England feared war with Britain would hurt the economy. 2. Other Americans argued that war was unnecessary and costly. a. U.S. military was not prepared to fight powerful Britain

29. A Declaration of War A. President James Madison, a Republican who had been elected in 1808, told Congress that Britain was already in a state of war against the nation.

30. B. Congress Acts 1. Southern and western representatives in Congress voted for war. 2. Delaware, New England states, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania opposed war. 3. War Hawks won, and Congress declared war for the first time in U.S. history.

31. The War at Sea A. Advantages and Disadvantages 1. U.S. Navy had fewer than 20 ships, while the British had hundreds. 2. U.S. government licensed private ships to attack British merchant ships. 3. Early in war, most British naval ships were scattered far from the United States. 4. U.S. Navy had well-trained sailors and new warships that carried more cannons than most British ships of the same size.

32. B. Early in war, several U.S. ships defeated British ships in one-on-one duels. C. Britain then turned to patrolling seas in large groups and blockading U.S. ports.

33. The Canadian Border A. Americans attempted to invade Canada, 1. British forces aided by Tecumseh defeated the U.S. force and captured Fort Detroit. a. aided by Tecumseh B. The Great Lakes 1. By the end of 1812, the British controlled the strategic Great Lakes region. 2. Captain Oliver Hazard Perry commanded a small U.S. fleet on Lake Erie. 3. Battle of Lake Erie in September 1813, Perry’s fleet defeated British forces.

34. The Frontier War A. Tecumseh and the British 1. After Perry’s victory, William Henry Harrison pursued British into Canada. 2. Battle of the Thames in October 1813, Harrison’s forces defeated the British and their American Indian allies. 3. Tecumseh killed in battle, which weakened the Indian-British alliance. 4. Victory secured U.S. border with Canada

35. B. The Creek War 1. Creek force, led by Chief Red Eagle, took a U.S. fort in present-day Alabama. 2. General Andrew Jackson led U.S. forces against the Creek. 3. Battle of Horseshoe Bend in 1814, U.S. forces defeated the Creek force. 4. Victory ended Creek War, and Creek forced to give up millions of acres of land.

36. The British on the Offensive A. In 1814 Britain sent more troops and strengthened its blockade of U.S. ports. B. British forces sacked Washington but failed to take Fort McHenry in Baltimore

37. The Battle of New Orleans A. British forces launched attack on New Orleans. B. American forces defeated the British at the Battle of New Orleans

38. Ending the War A. The Hartford Convention 1. New England Federalists against the war met at the Hartford Convention. a. Some delegates wanted New England to withdraw from the United States. 3. Delegates decided to send a group to Congress to demand states’ rights. 4. War ended a. Federalists were accused of treason and lost much political power.

39. The Peace Treaty 1. The Treaty of Ghent ended the War of 1812 on December 24, 1814. 2. Each nation returned all the territory it had conquered. a. treaty provided no solutions to problems of impressment or trade 3. Both sides agreed to continue to work on these problems once there was peace.