1. Human Population as an Environmental Problem Ultimately the greatest environmental threat that mankind has created. Two factors contribute together: 1)The sheer number of people 2)The impact of each person on the environment.

2. By the numbers… By the late 90’s, the world population was approximately 5.9 billion people. The annual growth rate is estimated worldwide at about 1.4% At this rate, 82.6 million people are added to the population each year.

3. Approximately 90% of the population growth occurs in developing countries in Asia, Africa, and South America. The average pop. growth in these areas was 1.7%, whereas in N. America and Europe the rate is closer to 1%, and in some cases, much lower.

5. Thomas Malthus British economist, predicted that the size of the population would outstrip the capacity of Earth to feed the population. Reasoned that it would be impossible to maintain a rapidly growing population on a finite resource base.

6. Malthus’ three premises: 1) Adequate food is necessary for survival. 2) “Passion between the sexes is necessary and will remain nearly in its present state”. Therefore many children will continue to be born. 3) The power of population growth is “Greater than the power of Earth to produce subsistence.”

7. One Thing Malthus didn’t count on: Technology has allowed us to gain a higher yield from agriculture. Technology has also allowed us to live in ever greater densities, and still manage to keep “pestilence and plague” down (at least in some areas). Birth control, which allows some control over the birth rate.

8. What Malthus never could have envisioned: Although Mathus did not see the great expansion of technology, his basic ideas about populations was correct. The advent of technology allowed the population to increase, but also increased the effect of the population on the environment.

9. Technology causes: 1)An increase in the use of resources. 2)Different uses for resources, and different effects on the environment. Ex: -Use of fossil fuels as a resource -CFC’s in the atmosphere -water pollution, acid rain

10. An Ironic Twist of Facts… One of the principals of international aid is that of raising the “standard of living”. usually involves the introduction of technology. This runs counter to a second principle, which is to lower the population growth rate. =Fewer people, but still a larger impact.

11. Demography: the study of populations There are a number of key characteristics that define what a population is, and how it will grow. Many are interrelated. 1)Age structure 2)Total fertility 3)Relationships between the population and the environment. 4) Birth/Death rate, and related factors The purpose of demography is to predict.

12. Population Dynamics -the study of an individual population, and its relationship with other populations, as well as its environment. -is often applied to endangered species, and species that are harvested. -especially in the case of harvested species, gives a picture of the sustainable rate of harvest. (fish, trees, crabs, geese, etc…)

13. Equations for Population Change P 2 = P 1 + (B – D) + (I – E) Where: P 1 is the number of individuals at time 1 P 2 is the number of individuals at time 2 B is the number of individuals born D is the number of individuals that died I is the number of individuals that immigrated E is the number of individuals that emigrated

14. Ignoring I and E, the equation becomes: P2 = P1 + (B – D) In other words, the growth rate of a population (g) is simply the difference between the birth and death rate.

15. Doubling Time: (T) the amount of time it takes for a population to double its size. Doubling time is estimated by the formula: T = 70/annual growth rate Where T is the doubling time, and the annual growth rate is expressed as a percentage. Ex: a population with a 1.7% annual growth will double in about 42 years. (70/1.7)

17. Calculating Population Growth Birth Rate: (b), is the number of births per unit time (B), divided by the total Population (N). b = B/N

18. Death Rate: (d), is the number of deaths per unit time (D), divided by the total Population (N). d = D/N Growth Rate: The # of births minus the # of deaths per unit time divided by the total population. g = (B – D) /N

19. Ex: A total population of 18,700,000 -261,800 births in 1 year -130,900 deaths in 1 year Birth rate:261,800/18, 700,000 = 1.4% Death rate:130,900/18,700,000 = 0.7% Growth Rate: (261800-130,900) / 18,700,000 = 0.7%

20. Crude Birth Rate: the number of births per 1000 individuals per year. Crude Death Rate: the number of deaths per 1000 individuals per year. Crude Growth Rate: the net number added per 1000 individuals per year. Total Fertility Rate:(TFR)average number of children born to a woman through her child-bearing years.

21. Future Human Population Growth -The size of the future human population depends greatly on the amount of fertility Increase or decrease. -The population is currently following an exponential growth curve, (overall pop.) -Populations generally follow a logistical curve, where a capacity is reached, and the population numbers plateau.

23. Demographic Transition As a population matures, it goes through a characteristic set of steps. A high death rate declines because of better sanitation and reduction in ACUTE diseases. This followed by a reduction in the birth rate, and the population stabilizes at a lower number.

25. Causes of Change in Death Rates Acute vs. Chronic Disease: acute disease (also called epidemic disease) appears rapidly, spreads through the population, then disappears. It may reappear later in a further outbreak of the disease. Ex: flu, measles, cholera Acute disease may affect a large portion of the population at once.

26. Chronic Disease is one that is always present in the population, but affects a smaller number of individuals overall. Ex; heart disease, cancer, stroke. Disease Types in Developed vs. Undeveloped Countries Undeveloped countries are more susceptible to acute disease, while developed countries have more chronic disease.

28. Population Age Structure -the proportion of the population in each age class. -a population heavily weighted toward youth will be rapidly growing -a population with a higher percentage of older people will be slow growing or declining.

30. Age structure gives insight into a populations history, and its future. Population Momentum/Lag: Once a population has reached Replacement Level Fertility (the TFR required for the pop. to remain constant), the pop. will grow for several generations. This is because many young women, not yet bearing children, are in the population.

31. When a population finally does stabilize, its size will be larger than the present size. Studies suggest that the TFR decreases as income increases. Ex: Bangladesh: TFR=4.3, annual income of a few hundred dollars/year Brazil: TFR=2.9, annual income of $2000/year.