1. Question of the Day DEC 20 A nucleotide does not contain
A. a 5-C sugar
B. polymerase
C. a nitrogenous base
D. a phosphate group

2. DO NOW DEC 20
How is genetic information stored within our cells?

3. DO NOW ANSWERED DEC 20 Humans have 46 chromosomes.
Chromosomes are made of DNA.
Each chromosome contains genes that code for specific traits.
Genetic Blueprints.

4. AGENDA Dec 20
Big Question: What did scientists discover about the relationship between genes and DNA?
1. DO NOW
2. The discovery of DNA
3. Early Experiments
4. Closing Thoughts and Review
5. HOMEWORK: READ Section 12-2 and Guided Reading Questions

5. Decoding our Genes sala lekcyjna
We use letters, punctuation, and symbols to form words, write, and communicate.
sala lekcyjna
What do these letters mean?

6. Decoding our Genes “Class room” in Polish
Words do not have meaning to us unless we can understand the language.

7. Question of the DAY DEC 23
In prokaryotes, DNA molecules are located in the
A. ribosomes
B. nucleus
C. cytoplasm
D. mitochondria

8. AGENDA Dec 23
Big Question: What did scientists discover about existence of DNA?
1. Question of the DAY
2. The discovery of DNA
3. Early Experiments
4. PRESENTATIONS
5. Closing Thoughts and Review

9. The Universal Language of Life
In this chapter, we will explore…
Early scientific research leading to the discovery of DNA.
The processes responsible for copying DNA and protein synthesis.
Replication
Transcription
Translation

10. Chapter 12: DNA and RNA

11. 12-1: Discovering DNA Frederick Griffith (1928)
tried to find better ways to fight pneumonia
isolated 2 types of bacteria that cause pneumonia
smooth: deadly form
rough: nondeadly form

12. Griffith’s Experiment
R-strain (Rough): Nonvirulent
S-strain (Smooth): Virulent
Heat Killed S-Strain: Nonvirulent
R-strain + Heat Killed S-strain: ???

13. Griffith’s Results

14. What killed the mouse?
Why did the R-strain and heat killed S-strain combination kill the mouse?

15. Transformation when one type of bacteria is changed into another
realized some molecule changed harmless rough bacteria into deadly smooth bacteria

16. Question of the DAY Jan 2
The process that changes one strain of bacteria into another strain is called
A. Transcription
B. Translation
C. Transformation
D. Replication

17. DO NOW Jan 2
Cross a heterozygous long clawed, homozygous dominant spotted coat jaguar with a short clawed, black coat jaguar.
What are the chances of having a short-clawed, spotted coat jaguar?
SAMPLE TEST Question
4 minutes to solve this problem. GO!

18. DO NOW Answer Jan 2 cs CS
CcSs
CsSs cS
ccSs

19. AGENDA Jan 2
BIG Question: What is the relationship between genes and DNA?
1. Question and DO NOW
2. Finish Section 12-1 History of DNA/Experiments
3. Critical Thinking Response
4. Review and HOMEWORK: Guided Reading Packet 12-2
5. History of DNA Quiz on MONDAY Jan 6

20. Oswald Avery (1944)
wanted to find out which molecule caused transformation
found transformation was blocked when DNA was destroyed
concluded genes are made up of DNA

21. DNA is the Transforming Factor
Avery’s Experiment
Treated the R-strain and heat killed S-strain bacteria with enzymes designed to destroy proteins and DNA.
Proteins were destroyed → mouse died
DNA was destroyed → mouse lived

22. Hershey and Chase (1952) used radioactive isotopes
used bacteriophages: type of virus that infects bacteria
contains protein and DNA

23. Hershey and Chase’s Results
used radioactive isotopes to label the DNA and protein in a bacteriophage
labeled DNA with phosphorus-32
labeled protein with sulfur-35
allowed bacteriophage to infect a bacterium
found bacterium was made radioactive by phosphorus-32
concluded genetic material of bacteriophage must be DNA

24. Hershey and Chase

25. Hershey and Chase Animation

26. Chapter 12-1: Quiz Jan 6 History of DNA QUIZ
You have 15 minutes to complete the quiz.

27. AGENDA Jan 6
Big Question: How did the work of early scientists lead to the discovery of DNA?
1. Question of the Day and DO NOW
2. Structure of DNA
3. Review chromatin and chromosomes
4. Chargaff, Franklin, Watson and Crick
5. Closing Thoughts and Review

28. 12-2: DNA Structure and Replication
deoxyribonucleic acid
made of polymers of nucleotides, which have three parts
phosphate group
nitrogenous base
5-carbon sugar: deoxyribose

29. DNA and Chromosomes genetic information is on chromosomes
chromosomes made up of chromatin
chromatin consists of DNA and protein
histones: class of proteins that bind directly to DNA
form tiny particles called nucleosomes
help to unfold and package DNA

30. Types of Nucleotides adenine (A) cytosine (C) guanine (G) thymine (T)
nucleotides are different because of the base they contain

31. Chargaff’s Rules (1950) amounts of adenine and thymine were the same
amounts of cytosine and guanine were the same

32. Rosalind Franklin (1951)
used x-ray diffraction: when an x-ray beam is aimed at a sample and is then scattered and recorded on film
unlocked clues to DNA structure

33. Rosalind Franklin The Unsung Hero

34. Watson and Crick created a model for the structure of DNA
contained two strands
twisted like a helix
double helix
bonds between nitrogenous bases hold strands together
base pairs
A-T
C-G
strands are complimentary

35. Question of the DAY Jan 7
Hershey and Chase labeled proteins of bacteriophages with
A. Phosphorus 32
B. Phosphorus 35
C. Sulfur 32
D. Sulfur 35

36. DO NOW Jan 7
How are our cells similar to a library?

37. DO NOW ANSWERED Jan 7
Our cells store genetic information in our chromosomes.
Chromosomes are similar to bookshelves.
The genes found on our chromosomes are like books on a shelf.
Each gene is organized on a specific chromosome.
Information on genes are read by the cell much like we would read a book.

38. AGENDA Jan 7
Big Question: How did the work of early scientists lead to the discovery of DNA?
1. Question of the Day and DO NOW
2. Hand in your homework
3. Franklin, Watson, and Crick
4. DNA Replication
5. Closing Thoughts and Review

39. Replication Process in which DNA is copied
Molecule separates into two strands.
Each template strand produces a new complementary strand.
Requires DNA Polymerase

40. DNA Replication Double helix structure explained how DNA is copied.
Each strand contains all of the information needed to construct the other half.
Rules of base pairing: A = T
G = C

41. DNA Polymerase
Enzyme that joins individual nucleotides together to produce a DNA molecule.
“Proofreads” new DNA strands for errors.
Copy the following strand of DNA
ATTCGGTGA

42. Question of the DAY Jan 8
Which pair of molecules are necessary for DNA replication?
A. Rubisco and Chlorophyll
B. Helicase and RNA Polymerase
C. DNA Polymerase and RNA Polymerase
D. DNA Polymerase and Helicase

43. DO NOW Jan 8
Explain how 6 feet of DNA can be packed into the nucleus of a microscopic cell.

44. DO NOW ANSWERED Jan 8 DNA is packed into our cells as chromatin.
Special proteins called histones bind to the DNA molecules.
Particles called nucleosomes are formed with histones which help to tightly coil up DNA…. Supercoiling

45. AGENDA Jan 8 1. Question of the Day and DO NOW
2. Finish Creating your Code Activity
Work on Guided reading Packet 12-2
3. What is RNA? Section 12-3
4. Transcription
5. Closing Thoughts and Homework

46. DNA Replication A DNA molecule has 2 strands. 5 - 3 strand
Each new strand copied is complementary to its parent (template) strand.

47. Replication in Organisms
PROKARYOTES
EUKARYOTES
Starts at a single point
Two directions
Copies entire chromosome
In what part of the cell does replication occur?
Occurs in many different places along DNA molecule
Proceeds in two directions
Copies entire chromosome
In what part of the cell does replication occur?

48. 12-3: RNA decodes the genetic information in DNA also a nucleic acid
differs from DNA in 3 ways
sugar is ribose
single-stranded
contains uracil (U) instead of thymine

49. Transcription AACT  UUGA process by which mRNA molecules are made
DNA is a template for mRNA
RNA polymerase: an enzyme that binds directly to a molecule of DNA
produces a strand of RNA
AACT  UUGA
begins and stops transcription at special start and stop sequences on the DNA

50. Question of the DAY Jan 9
During DNA Replication, a template strand is also known as a
A. complementary strand
B. copied strand
C. sister strand
D. parent strand

51. DO NOW Jan 9 1. Copy the following strand of DNA…
A T T G G C T C C A T G C
2. Transcribe your copied strand from #1.

52. DO NOW ANSWERED Jan 9 Replication 1. A T T G G C T C C A T G C
T A A C C G A G G T A C G
Transcription
2. T A A C C G A G G T A C G
A U U G G C U C C A U G C

53. AGENDA Jan 9 BIG Question: How are proteins made using RNA? 1. DO NOW
2. RNA, Translation, and Protein Synthesis
3. Transcription/Translation Problems
4. Review Key Concepts and Homework

54. Forms of RNA mRNA: messenger RNA
carries copies of instructions for the assembly of amino acids into polypeptides
rRNA: ribosomal RNA
makes up ribosomes where proteins are made
tRNA: transfer RNA transfers one amino acid after another to the ribosome
Forms of RNA

55. Genes in Pieces mRNA is edited parts are discarded called introns
exons: remaining parts that get spliced together and are expressed

56. Genetic Code amino acids make up polypeptides which make up proteins
order of amino acids determine protein
instructions in DNA specify the order the amino acids are put together
called the genetic code

57. Reading the CODON Chart

58. Decoding the Genetic Code
nucleotides in mRNA can code for 20 different amino acids
read in groups of three called codons – three nucleotides that specify a specific amino acid
mRNA sequence  AAACACGGU
read as 3 codons  AAA-CAC-GGU
Each codon 
amino acid lysine-histidine-glycine

59. Codons more than one codon can specify the same amino acid AUG codon
start signal or initiator codon
codes for methionine, which is the first amino acid
UAA, UAG, UGA codons
stop signals

60. Question of the Day Jan 10
Which type of RNA is responsible for the assembly of amino acids into a polypeptide?
A. tRNA
B. rRNA
C. dRNA
D. mRNA

61. DO NOW Jan 10 1. Copy the following strand of DNA…
A A A A T G G C T C C A T G C T G A
2. Transcribe your copied strand from #1.
3. Translate the section of mRNA from #2.

62. DO NOW ANSWERED Jan 10 Replication
1. A A A A T G G C T C C A T G C T G A
T T T T A C C G A G G T A C G A C T
Transcription
2. T T T T A C C G A G G T A C G A C T
A A A A U G G C U C C A U G C U G A

63. DO NOW Answered Jan 10 3. Translation
A A A A U G G C U C C A U G C U G A
AUG GCU CCA UGC UGA
MET – ALA – PRO – CYS

64. AGENDA Jan 10 BIG Question: How is a protein produced using RNA?
1. Question of the Day and DO NOW
2. Translation
3. Transcription/Translation Practice Problems
4. Homework and Review
QUIZ on MONDAY!!!!!
CH 12 TEST – NEXT WEEK!!!!!!!!!!!

65. Translation The decoding of mRNA into a polypeptide chain (protein).
happens in cytoplasm
rRNA in ribosomes reads codons in mRNA
tRNA brings proper amino acids to form protein

66. Translation in Four Steps
Read your textbook: Pages 304 and 305
STEP A: Messenger RNA
mRNA is transcribed from DNA
In nucleus  released into cytoplasm
Attaches to a ribosome
STEP B: Transfer RNA
Each tRNA has an anitcodon (complementary to codon on mRNA).
Codon = AAA Anticodon = UUU

67. Translation in Four Steps
STEP C: Polypeptide Assembly Line
Ribosome joins the amino acids together
After an amino acid is joined to the chain, the tRNA exits the ribosome.
Another tRNA delivers its amino acid to the Ribosome
STEP D: Completing the Polypeptide
The Ribosome moves along the mRNA.
Translation STOPS when it reads a STOP Codon.
Polypeptide is complete  folds into a Protein

68. Translation Animation

69. DO NOW Jan 13
How does tRNA help in the decoding of mRNA?

70. DO NOW ANSWERED
tRNA contains a complementary codon to the one found on the mRNA.
The codon found on tRNA is called an anti-codon.
tRNA carries a specific amino acid to ribosomes where they are joined together to form a polypeptide.
CODON UAU ANTICODON AUA

71. Question of the DAY Jan 13
The anticodon carried on tRNA for the codon CAG is
A. CUG
B. GTC
C. GAC
D. GUC

72. AGENDA Jan 13 Big Question: How do mutations affect cells?
1. Question of the Day
2. Review Translation Problems
3. Mutations
4. Review Key Concepts
5. HOMEWORK – 12-4 and 12-5 Guided Reading Packet (Graded)
STUDY for QUIZ Tomorrow - Translation

73. 12-4 Mutations Changes in genetic material.
Gene Mutations occur within a single gene.
READ Pages
POINT Mutation – changes in one or a few nucleotides
Substitutions – affect a single amino acid
Insertions – can be more damaging
Deletions – can be more damaging

74. Mutations Frameshift Mutation – reading frame of codons are shifted
May affect all amino acids in an mRNA sequence
Protein may not be able to perform its function
Chromosomal Mutation – changes number or structure of chromosomes.
Change locations of genes and change numbers of copies of genes.

75. Mutations Mutations are a source of genetic variation.
Some mutations are beneficial to organisms.
Polyploidy is a condition where organisms have extra sets of chromosomes.
Polyploid plants are stronger and larger than diploid ones.
Bananas, strawberries, citrus fruits

76. AGENDA Jan 14 Big Question: How do mutations affect cells?
1. QUIZ on Translation
2. Regulating Gene Expression
3. Review Key Concepts
4. STUDY GUIDES – Homework Check
STUDY for TEST on Thursday

77. 12-5: Controlling Gene Expression
cells regulate gene transcription
they do not always need a gene’s product
a transcribed gene is said to be expressed or turned on
a gene that is not being transcribed is off

78. Gene Expression promoter: binding site for RNA polymerase
moves along DNA
finds the first gene
starts transcription
repressor: DNA binding protein
blocks a gene’s transcription
operator: special region of DNA
repressor binds here
RNA polymerase can not move past operator

79. Lac Operon TEXTBOOK – Pages 309-310
Operon – group of genes that operate together.
Found in the bacterium E. coli
Lac genes are 3 genes
Needed to break down lactose for a food source.
Requires lactose to enter the cell.
Lactose binds repressor and activates lac genes.
RNA Polymerase free to move and begin transcription

80. Eukaryotic Gene Regulation
Most genes controlled individually
Contain complex regulatory sequences
TATA Box – short sequence of TATATA or TATAAA
Marks a point along DNA just before spot to begin transcription.
Makes cell specialization possible
Only a small number of genes expressed in each type of cell
Skin cell versus liver cell versus blood cell

81. Development and Differentiation
Gene expression important in development of complex organisms.
Differentiation is the specific growth of a cell’s structure and function.
Occurs during embryonic growth.
HOX Genes control this process in the embryo.
Mutations can completely change growth in organism.

82. HOX Genes
In the fruit fly, a mutation can replace the antennae with legs growing on its head.
HOX genes very similar in all organisms.
Due to common ancestry between organisms
Gene controlling eye growth in mouse  inserted into the “knee” of a fruit fly
An eye grew on the leg of this fruit fly.
These two animals have not shared a common ancestor in 600 million years.