1. Learning Objects for Web- Based and Web-Enhanced Instruction Mike Cipriani

2. First, Some Background… What’s the difference between web-based and web-enhanced instruction? Web-based instruction involves educational activities that take place exclusively via computerized course delivery, generally through the internet. Web-enhanced instruction is when classroom activities use computers, again generally the internet, to augment the learning process.

3. Three Important Definitions related to Web- Based & Web-Enhanced Instruction Information = material communicated through a flow of messages to a learner Instruction = information that is deliberately sequenced to create a learning opportunity Learning = the cognitive processing of information by the learner

4. Web sites use Information and Instruction to stimulate learning Web sites deliver information, instruction and learning by using learning objects

5. What is a Learning Object? The Learning Technology Standards Committee says: "[A]ny entity, digital or non-digital, that may be used for learning, education or training” For our purposes, this definition is too… We need something more specific….

6. For This Context, What is a Learning Object? We will use Wiley’s definition: “Any digital resource that can be reused to support learning” Key Words in Wiley’s Definition: Digital = available in electronic form; readable and manipulable by computer. Reused = use again after processing Thus, we are narrowing our working definition of Learning Objects to those used in web- based & web-enhanced instruction.

7. Five Types of Learning Objects FundamentalCombined-ClosedCombined-OpenGenerative-PresentationGenerative-Instructional

8. Fundamental An individual digital resource, usually a visual aid that conveys information Example: A diagram of the internal parts of a computer http://www.discount-computers- now.com/images/build-your-own-computer- pic.jpg

9. Combined-Closed A small number of digital resources combined with a single purpose and whose individual elements are not reusable from the object itself Example: A video explaining how to install an IDE internal hard drive http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bt7ve7IeA GE

10. Combined-Open A large number of digital resources combined for a purpose whose elements are reusable as separate learning objects Example: An informational web page http://history.sandiego.edu/GEN/recording/co mputer1.html

11. Generative-Presentation A combination of learning objects in a specific structure that generates a presentation for instruction or reference Example: A page of links to tutorials that together teach the Java programming language http://java.sun.com/docs/books/tutorial/

12. Generative-Instructional A combination of learning objects in a specific structure that generates an abstract instructional strategy and means to assess it Example: A tutorial with interactive practice and quizzes for learning HTML http://www.w3schools.com/html/

13. References & Additional Info. http://opencontent.org/wiki/index.php?title=Learning_Object_Metaph ors http://www.eurodl.org/materials/contrib/2005/Santally.htm http://www.minddrops.com/Talks/innovations2002boston.htm http://opencontent.org/docs/lo_do.pdf http://www.reusability.org/read/#1 http://technologysource.org/article/preparing_teachers_to_use_learn ing_objects/ http://technologysource.org/article/preparing_teachers_to_use_learn ing_objects/ http://www.uwm.edu/Dept/CIE/AOP/LO_what.html Grabowski, B. and Small, R. (1997). "Information, Instruction and Learning: A Hypermedia Perspective". Performance Improvement Quarterly, 10(1), pp.156-166