1. Tenement Life On Your Notesheet #3 “Living Conditions”
The Over- Crowding of the Cities
Poor Living Conditions
Unsanitary Conditions

2. Key (Living Conditions) Reform Muckraker
Jacob Riis
“Jacob Riis, a police reporter whose work appeared in several New York newspapers, documented the living and working conditions of the poor. Through articles, books, photography, and lantern-slide lectures, Riis served as a mediator between working-class, middle-class, and upper-class citizens.”
His book: How The Other Half Lives.

7. Airshaft of a dumbbell tenement, New York City, taken from the roof, c

8. All these changes are part of the Tenement House Acts that called for changes in design and inspections for safety and sanitary reasons.
Two officials of the New York City Tenement House Department inspect a cluttered basement living room, ca GS-32.

10. Trying to avoid housing issues such as . . .

11. $. 05 Lodging – Space rented for the period of sleeping
$.05 Lodging – Space rented for the period of sleeping. Others slept here during shift

12. On Your Notesheet #4 Unsafe Working Conditions (and Child Labor)
Changes Wanted
Fewer Hours
Higher Wages
Safer Factories
Unions

14. Francis Lance, 5 years old, 41 inches high
Francis Lance, 5 years old, 41 inches high. He jumps on and off moving trolley cars at the risk of his life. St. Louis, Mo.

15. View of the Ewen Breaker of the Pa. Coal Co
View of the Ewen Breaker of the Pa. Coal Co. The dust was so dense at times as to obscure the view. This dust penetrated the utmost recesses of the boys' lungs. A kind of slave-driver sometimes stands over the boys, prodding or kicking them into obedience. S. Pittston, Pa. “Breaker Boys” were used in the anthracite coal mines to separate slate rock from the coal after it had been brought out of the shaft. They often worked 14 to 16 hours a day.

16. Oyster shuckers working in a canning factory
Oyster shuckers working in a canning factory. All but the very smallest babies work. Began work at 3:30 a.m. and expected to work until 5 p.m. The little girl in the center was working. Her mother said she is "a real help to me." Dunbar, La.

17. Seaford, DE – 5/26/ “Mother and children hulling strawberries at Johnson’s Hulling Station. Cyral (in baby cart) is two years old this May and works steadily hulling berries. And Cyral would rest his little head on his arm and fall asleep for a few minutes and wake up again commencing all over to hull berries.”

18. Joseph Severio, peanut vender, age 11 [seen with photographer Hine]
Joseph Severio, peanut vender, age 11 [seen with photographer Hine]. Been pushing a cart 2 years. Out after midnight on May 21, Ordinarily works 6 hours per day. Works of his own volution. All earnings go to his father. Wilmington, Del.

19. Picking nuts in dirty basement
Picking nuts in dirty basement. The dirtiest imaginable children were pawing over the nuts eating lunch on the table. Mother had a cold and blew her nose frequently (without washing her hands) and the dirty handkerchiefs reposed comfortably on table close to the nuts and nut meats. The father picks now. New York City.

20. Regarding Child Labor Keating-Owen Child Labor Act
National Child Labor Act
Already discussed in Moral Reforms regarding education.
Does it still go on today?

21. Boys cleaning new carpets in Fayum, Egypt

22. Mauritanian girls weave a straw rug.

23. Diamond mines in South Africa

24. Young boys as militants in Sudan.

25. Mar. 25, 1911
The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory operated on the top 3 floors of the 10 story Asche Building in New York City

26. In 1911, Unsafe working conditions lead to a deadly fire
Notice that the tallest ladders owned by the fire dept. only reach the 6th floor

27. Rather than burn alive in the swift moving fire, many women jump from windows

29. This is actually a photo of the building after the fire
This is actually a photo of the building after the fire! Note how there is very little damage on the outside of the building

31. Eight months after the fire, a jury acquitted the factory owners, of any wrong doing.
Twenty-three individual civil suits were brought against the owners of the Asch building. On March 11, 1913, three years after the fire, the owners settled. They paid 75 dollars per life lost.
This tragedy led to a push for comprehensive safety and workers compensation laws.

32. Please note the following on your closer worksheet
Closer - Tuesday, 5/01
Please note the following on your closer worksheet
3 Things that you have learned about the Tenement Houses and/or Working Conditions (Social Reforms).
2 Things that you already knew about the Tenement Houses and/or Working Conditions (Social Reforms).
1 Question regarding Social Reforms in general that you still have.