1. Biotechnology Intro & Gel Electrophoresis

2. What does… BIO- mean? TECHNOLOGY? SO….

3. What is BIOtechnology Any Way???? Manipulating living organisms using different types of technology to produce more useful qualities: – Using better genes and traits – Allows the best or desired traits to be expressed.

4. Research in Biotechnology 1.Help humans create crops that can be frost resistant 1.Use transgenic organisms to help medical researchers model human physiology for testing 1.Help industry to create bacteria to break down pollutants into harmless products – Like cleaning up OIL SPILLS! 1.Pharmaceutical companies use recombinant DNA to cheaply produce human hormones (insulin) and other proteins 1.Help solve crimes and determine family relationships

5. Gel Electrophoresis A method used to separate DNA or RNA by size to compare DNA data. Comparing the SIZE of DNA fragments (or pieces)

6. Also known as… A DNA Fingerprint

7. What can this be used for? Paternity Tests – Who is the father? Familial Relationships – Who is the mother? – Who are the siblings, cousins, grandparents, etc.? Evolutionary Relationships – How closely related are two organisms (humans & apes)? Crime Scene Investigations (Forensics) – Who committed the crime?

8. Gel Electrophoresis

9. Basic Steps.. 1.Extract DNA sample 1.Cut DNA into smaller pieces using Restriction Enzymes 1.Put the smaller DNA fragments into the Gel Tray 1.Use a Charge to separate the pieces of DNA 1.Analyze the size of the DNA fragments

10. Let’s Take a look… http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PSwlCk_Z 02c&feature=related

11. What is the Purpose of Gel Electrophoresis? To separate and analyze DNA fragments according to their size & shape.

12. Gel Electrophoresis

15. What is used to cut the DNA? In order to cut the DNA into fragments, restriction enzymes are used. These are specific enzymes (proteins) that recognize specific sequences of DNA and then cut it in half. Like the SCISSORS in the body

16. Which strands move further down the tray? DNA fragments move in the Gel due to opposite charges (DNA is negatively charged) – The SMALL strands move further down the Gel than the LARGER strands of DNA. – Since they are larger and heavier, the LARGER strands do not move as far down the Gel

17. Which strands are towards the top of the tray? Larger strands are towards the top of the tray because they are larger and heavier They do not move as quickly down the tray when the charge is added

18. DNA fingerprinting applications

19. Sample Problems