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9 Animal Phyla + Plant Slides
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Invertebrates copyright cmassengale
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Characteristics
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Invertebrate Phyla Porifera Cnidarians Platyhelminthes Nematodes
Mollusks Annelids Echinoderms Arthropods
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Sponges (Porifera) Most primitive Cells relatively independent
Mostly marine No Symmetry
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Cnidarians Mostly marine Radial Symmetry
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Cnidarians Jellyfish Hydra Coral Sea anemone Portuguese Man-O-War
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Platyhelminthes Flatworms Bilateral symmetry Cephalization
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Planarian – freshwater flatworm
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Nematodes Tube-like digestive tract Roundworms! Mouth and anus
No segmentation
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Mollusks Clams, snails, squids Varied habitats Marine Freshwater
Terrestrial
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Annelids Segmented worms Common earthworm Leech
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Arthropods Joint-legged animals External skeleton
Huge variation – mostly insects
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Echinoderms copyright cmassengale 14
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Diversity Echinodermata means “spiny skin” Echinoderms usually inhabit shallow coastal waters and ocean trenches organisms in this class include: Sea stars Brittle stars Sand dollars Sea cucumbers copyright cmassengale 15
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Characteristics change from a free-swimming bilaterally symmetrical larva to a bottom-dwelling adult with radial symmetry. Most have five radii or multiples which is known as pentaradial symmetry they have an endoskeleton that is made up of calcium plates, may include protruding spines copyright cmassengale 16
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Have small feet called tube feet that aid in movement, feeding, respiration, & excretion. Do not have circulatory, respiratory of excretory systems. Have a nervous system but no head or brain. There are two sexes and they can produce sexually and asexually. copyright cmassengale 17
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Water-Vascular System
hydrostatic pressure permits movement Path of water in the Water-Vascular System enters sieve plate passes through stone canal traces a path from the ring canal encircling mouth to 5 radial canals that extend to each arm copyright cmassengale 18
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ampulla: bulblike sac that each foot connects to feet contract, water enters and are able to suction onto surface of slippery rocks copyright cmassengale 19
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Feeding & Digestion uses feet eat mollusks, worms, and slow-moving animals enzymes help digest food copyright cmassengale 20
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Other Body Parts fluid in coelom bathes organs & distributes nutrients & oxygen skin gills: protect coelom lining; gases are exchanged nerve ring: surrounds mouth & branches off into nerve cords in each arm. Eyespots: on each arm that responds to light tentacles: responds to touch copyright cmassengale 21
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Reproduction each arm produces sperm & egg occurs externally bipinnaria: free-swimming larva that a fertilized egg develops into settles in the bottom and develops into an adult through metamorphosis reproduce asexually by regenerating lost parts copyright cmassengale 22
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Echinoderms Always marine Starfishes, sea urchins, sea lilies
Spiny skin
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Brittle Star – An Echinoderm
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Chapter 34 Vertebrates
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Overview: Half a Billion Years of Backbones
By the end of the Cambrian period, some 540 million years ago An astonishing variety of animals inhabited Earth’s oceans One of these types of animals Gave rise to vertebrates, one of the most successful groups of animals
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The animals called vertebrates
Get their name from vertebrae, the series of bones that make up the backbone Figure 34.1
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There are approximately 52,000 species of vertebrates
Which include the largest organisms ever to live on the Earth
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What is a deuterostome? What is a protostome?
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Tomorrow Exit quiz on 9 phla
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Vertebrates are a subphylum of the phylum Chordata
Concept 34.1: Chordates have a notochord and a dorsal, hollow nerve cord Vertebrates are a subphylum of the phylum Chordata Chordates are bilaterian animals That belong to the clade of animals known as Deuterostomia Two groups of invertebrate deuterostomes, the urochordates and cephalochordates Are more closely related to vertebrates than to invertebrates
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Derived Characters of Chordates
All chordates share a set of derived characters Although some species possess some of these traits only during embryonic development Muscle segments Brain Mouth Anus Dorsal, hollow nerve cord Notochord Muscular, post-anal tail Pharyngeal slits or clefts Figure 34.3
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Notochord The notochord
Is a longitudinal, flexible rod located between the digestive tube and the nerve cord Provides skeletal support throughout most of the length of a chordate In most vertebrates, a more complex, jointed skeleton develops And the adult retains only remnants of the embryonic notochord
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Dorsal, Hollow Nerve Cord
The nerve cord of a chordate embryo Develops from a plate of ectoderm that rolls into a tube dorsal to the notochord Develops into the central nervous system: the brain and the spinal cord
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Pharyngeal Slits or Clefts
In most chordates, grooves in the pharynx called pharyngeal clefts Develop into slits that open to the outside of the body These pharyngeal slits Function as suspension-feeding structures in many invertebrate chordates Are modified for gas exchange in aquatic vertebrates Develop into parts of the ear, head, and neck in terrestrial vertebrates
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Muscular, Post-Anal Tail
Chordates have a tail extending posterior to the anus Although in many species it is lost during embryonic development The chordate tail contains skeletal elements and muscles And it provides much of the propelling force in many aquatic species
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Concept 34.2: Craniates are chordates that have a head
The origin of a head Opened up a completely new way of feeding for chordates: active predation Craniates share some common characteristics A skull, brain, eyes, and other sensory organs
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Ornithischian dinosaurs
Figure 34.23 Synapsids Ancestral amniote Reptiles Diapsids Archosaurs Saurischians Lepidosaurs Dinosaurs Parareptiles Turtles Crocodilians Pterosaurs Ornithischian dinosaurs Saurischian dinosaurs other than birds Birds Plesiosaurs Ichthyosaurs Tuatara Squamates Mammals A phylogeny of amniotes
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Derived Characters of Amniotes
Amniotes are named for the major derived character of the clade, the amniotic egg Which contains specialized membranes that protect the embryo
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Extraembryonic membranes
The extraembryonic membranes Have various functions Figure 34.24 Shell Albumen Yolk (nutrients) Amniotic cavity with amniotic fluid Embryo Yolk sac. The yolk sac contains the yolk, a stockpile of nutrients. Blood vessels in the yolk sac membrane transport nutrients from the yolk into the embryo. Other nutrients are stored in the albumen (“egg white”). Allantois. The allantois is a disposal sac for certain metabolic wastes pro- duced by the embryo. The membrane of the allantois also functions with the chorion as a respiratory organ. Amnion. The amnion protects the embryo in a fluid-filled cavity that cushions against mechanical shock. Chorion. The chorion and the membrane of the allantois exchange gases between the embryo and the air. Oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse freely across the shell. Extraembryonic membranes
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Amniotes also have other terrestrial adaptations
Such as relatively impermeable skin and the ability to use the rib cage to ventilate the lungs
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Early Amniotes Early amniotes Appeared in the Carboniferous period
Included large herbivores and predators
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Reptiles The reptile clade includes
The tuatara, lizards, snakes, turtles, crocodilians, birds, and the extinct dinosaurs
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Reptiles Have scales that create a waterproof barrier
Lay shelled eggs on land Figure 34.25
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Most reptiles are ectothermic
Absorbing external heat as the main source of body heat Birds are endothermic Capable of keeping the body warm through metabolism
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The Origin and Evolutionary Radiation of Reptiles
The oldest reptilian fossils Date to about 300 million years ago The first major group of reptiles to emerge Were the parareptiles, which were mostly large, stocky herbivores
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(a) Tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus)
Lepidosaurs One surviving lineage of lepidosaurs Is represented by two species of lizard-like reptiles called tuatara Figure 34.27a (a) Tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus)
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Birds Birds are archosaurs
But almost every feature of their reptilian anatomy has undergone modification in their adaptation to flight
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Derived Characters of Birds
Many of the characters of birds Are adaptations that facilitate flight
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A bird’s most obvious adaptations for flight
Are its wings and feathers Figure 34.28a–c (a) wing (b) Bone structure Finger 1 (c) Feather structure Shaft Barb Barbule Hook Vane Forearm Wrist Palm Finger 3 Finger 2
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By 150 million years ago Archaeopteryx
Figure 34.29 Toothed beak Airfoil wing with contour feathers Long tail with many vertebrae Wing claw By 150 million years ago Feathered theropods had evolved into birds Archaeopteryx Remains the oldest bird known
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(a) Emu. This ratite lives in Australia.
Living Birds The ratites, order Struthioniformes Are all flightless Figure 34.30a (a) Emu. This ratite lives in Australia.
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Concept 34.7: Mammals are amniotes that have hair and produce milk
Mammals, class Mammalia Are represented by more than 5,000 species
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Derived Characters of Mammals
Mammary glands, which produce milk Are a distinctively mammalian character Hair is another mammalian characteristic Mammals generally have a larger brain Than other vertebrates of equivalent size
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The jaw was remodeled during the evolution of mammals from nonmammalian synapsids
And two of the bones that formerly made of the jaw joint were incorporated into the mammalian middle ear Sound Jaw joint Key Dentary Angular Squamosal Articular Quadrate Dimetrodon Morganucodon Eardrum Middle ear Stapes Inner ear Incus (evolved from quadrate) Malleus (evolved from articular) (b) During the evolutionary remodeling of the mammalian skull, the quadrate and articular bones became incorporated into the middle ear as two of the three bones that transmit sound from the eardrum to the inner ear. The steps in this evolutionary remodeling are evident in a succession of fossils. (a) The lower jaw of Dimetrodon is composed of several fused bones; two small bones, the quadrate and articular, form part of the jaw joint. In Morganucodon, the lower jaw is reduced to a single bone, the dentary, and the location of the jaw joint has shifted. Figure 34.32a, b
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Monotremes Monotremes
Are a small group of egg-laying mammals consisting of echidnas and the platypus Figure 34.33
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Marsupials Marsupials Include opossums, kangaroos, and koalas
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A marsupial is born very early in its development
And completes its embryonic development while nursing within a maternal pouch called a marsupium Figure 34.34a (a) A young brushtail possum. The young of marsupials are born very early in their development. They finish their growth while nursing from a nipple (in their mother’s pouch in most species).
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In some species of marsupials, such as the bandicoot
The marsupium opens to the rear of the mother’s body as opposed to the front, as in other marsupials Figure 34.34b (b) Long-nosed bandicoot. Most bandicoots are diggers and burrowers that eat mainly insects but also some small vertebrates and plant material. Their rear-opening pouch helps protect the young from dirt as the mother digs. Other marsupials, such as kangaroos, have a pouch that opens to the front.
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In Australia, convergent evolution
Has resulted in a diversity of marsupials that resemble eutherians in other parts of the world Figure 34.35 Marsupial mammals Eutherian mammals Plantigale Marsupial mole Sugar glider Wombat Tasmanian devil Kangaroo Deer mouse Mole Woodchuck Flying squirrel Wolverine Patagonian cavy
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Eutherians (Placental Mammals)
Compared to marsupials Eutherians have a longer period of pregnancy Young eutherians Complete their embryonic development within a uterus, joined to the mother by the placenta
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Phylogenetic relationships of mammals
Figure 34.36 Ancestral mammal Monotremes Marsupials Eutherians Monotremata Marsupialia Xenarthra Proboscidea Sirenia Tubulidentata Hyracoidea Afrosoricida (golden moles and tenrecs) Macroscelidea (elephant shrews) Rodentia Lagomorpha Primates Dermoptera (flying lemurs) Scandentia (tree shrews) Carnivora Cetartiodactyla Perissodactyla Chiroptera Eulipotyphla Pholidota (pangolins) Possible phylogenetic tree of mammals. All 20 extant orders of mammals are listed at the top of the tree. Boldfaced orders are explored on the facing page. This diverse clade includes terrestrial and marine mammals as well as bats, the only flying mammals. A growing body of evidence, including Eocene fossils of whales with feet, supports putting whales in the same order (Cetartiodactyla) as pigs, cows, and hippos. This is the largest eutherian clade. It includes the rodents, which make up the largest mammalian order by far, with about 1,770 species. Humans belong to the order Primates. All members of this clade, which underwent an adaptive radiation in South America, belong to the order Xenarthra. One species, the nine-banded armadillo, is found in the southern United States. This clade of eutherians evolved in Africa when the continent was isolated from other landmasses. It includes Earth’s largest living land animal (the African elephant), as well as species that weigh less than 10 g. Phylogenetic relationships of mammals
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The major eutherian orders
Figure 34.36 ORDERS AND EXAMPLES MAIN CHARACTERISTICS Monotremata Platypuses, echidnas Proboscidea Elephants Sirenia Manatees, dugongs Cetartiodactyla Artiodactyls Sheep, pigs cattle, deer, giraffes Lagomorpha Rabbits, hares, picas Carnivora Dogs, wolves, bears, cats, weasels, otters, seals, walruses Xenarthra Sloths, anteaters, armadillos Cetaceans Whales, dolphins, porpoises Echidna African elephant Manatee Tamandua Jackrabbit Coyote Bighorn sheep Pacific white- sided porpoise Lay eggs; no nipples; young suck milk from fur of mother Long, muscular trunk; thick, loose skin; upper incisors elongated as tusks Aquatic; finlike forelimbs and no hind limbs; herbivorous Reduced teeth or no teeth; herbivorous (sloths) or carnivorous (anteaters, armadillos) Chisel-like incisors; hind legs longer than forelegs and adapted for running and jumping Sharp, pointed canine teeth and molars for shearing; carnivorous Hooves with an even number of toes on each foot; herbivorous Aquatic; streamlined body; paddle-like forelimbs and no hind limbs; thick layer of insulating blubber; carnivorous Diet consists mainly of insects and other small invertebrates Adapted for flight; broad skinfold that extends from elongated fingers to body and legs; carnivorous or herbivorous Hooves with an odd number of toes on each foot; herbivorous Opposable thumbs; forward-facing eyes; well-developed cerebral cortex; omnivorous Chisel-like, continuously growing incisors worn down by gnawing; herbivorous Short legs; stumpy tail; herbivorous; complex, multichambered stomach Teeth consisting of many thin tubes cemented together; eats ants and termites Embryo completes development in pouch on mother Marsupialia Kangaroos, opossums, koalas Tubulidentata Aardvark Hyracoidea Hyraxes Chiroptera Bats Primates Lemurs, monkeys, apes, humans Perissodactyla Horses, zebras, tapirs, rhinoceroses Rodentia Squirrels, beavers, rats, porcupines, mice Eulipotyphla “Core insecti- vores”: some moles, some shrews Star-nosed mole Frog-eating bat Indian rhinoceros Golden lion tamarin Red squirrel Rock hyrax Koala The major eutherian orders
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Primates The mammalian order Primates include
Lemurs, tarsiers, monkeys, and apes Humans are members of the ape group
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Derived Characters of Primates
Most primates Have hands and feet adapted for grasping Primates also have A large brain and short jaws Forward-looking eyes close together on the face, providing depth perception Well-developed parental care and complex social behavior A fully opposable thumb
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