1. Kingdom Monera
BACTERIA

2. What are Monerans?
Monerans are believed to have existed longer than any other life form on Earth
Most monerans are types of BACTERIA

3. What Do We Know About Bacteria?
Unicellular organisms:
One celled organisms
Do not have a true, membrane bound nucleus
Can be found almost everywhere
Some bacterial are bad for you
Some bacterial are good for you
Some bacterial will not affect your health at all

4. What Do Bacterial Look Like?
Bacterial are usually one of three shapes:
Rods Spheres Spirals

5. How Do Bacterial Reproduce?
Bacterial reproduce asexually
Reproduce by dividing in half
Binary Fission
Bacterial split into two cells
Each cell gets an exact copy of the DNA
Some bacteria can actually reproduce every 20 minutes

6. Anything Else about Bacteria
Some contain Chlorophyll and make their own food, we call them
Autotrophs
Others can’t make their own food, we call them
Heterotrpohs
Some can get their energy from chemicals such as:
Ammonia and Sulfur
Others live in odd place like:
Deep sea vents
Antarctica
Hot Springs

7. What is Their Function? Help decompose dead things
Live in animals’ digestive system to digest food
They may cause diseases and they are called germs
Some can be killed off with antibiotics which stop their reproduction process.
Others can be prevented by vaccination, a way of killing bacteria to help the body protect itself against the live bacteria

8. Name Something Else that Causes Diseases and Sickness, besides Bacteria or “Germs.”
VIRUS!
Properties of viruses
no membranes, cytoplasm, ribosomes, or other cellular components
they cannot move or grow
they can only reproduce inside a host cell
they consist of 2 major parts - a protein coat, and hereditary material (DNA or RNA)
they are extremely tiny, much smaller than a cell and only

9. Review of DNA Shape of a double helix
Base pairs held together by hydrogen bonds (weak)
Repeating units of nucleotides
Adenine <-> Thymine Guanine <-> Cytosine

10. Parasitic Nature Obligate intracellular parasites
Specific to their hosts (human, dog, some can cross species)
They can only attack specific cells , the common cold is a virus that specifically attacks cells of the respiratory track (hence the coughing and sneezing and sniffling).
HIV specifically attacks white blood cells

11. Bacteriophage - a virus that infects bacteria

12. Viral Reproduction Lytic cycle = reproduction occurs, cells burst
Lysogenic cycle = reproduction does not immediately occur (dormancy)
Virulent = viruses that undergo both cycles
Viruses multiply, or replicate using their own genetic material and the host cell's machinery to create more viruses. Viruses cannot reproduce outside of the host.
Attachment
Penetration - the virus is engulfed by the cell (Cell can enter Lysogenic or Lytic Cycle)
Biosynthesis - viral components are made(protein coat, capsid, DNA/RNA)
Maturation - assembly of viral components
Release - viruses leave host cell to infect new cells(often destroys host)

13. Retroviruses -- RNA viruses that have a DNA stage
Human Immunodeficiency Virus - causes AIDS
Retrovirus (RNA inside a protein coat)
Reverse Transcriptase makes DNA from the virus RNA
DNA inserts into host DNA
Proteins are assembled from the DNA code
Viruses assembled from the proteins
Viruses released from the cell

14. Emerging Viruses Emerging Viruses
illnesses not previously known: AIDS, West Nile Virus, SARS, Ebola, Bird Flu
Could be mutations of known viruses
Could be viruses exposed when new areas were developed
Could have jumped species

15. How Do Vaccines Work?
Once you have gotten a virus, such as chicken pox, your body develops the immunity to that virus.  
Vaccines are made by growing a weakened or killed form of the virus (often grown in eggs)
This form of the virus is injected into a person's body, which causes an immune response, and immunity to the virus.