1. Do Now (looseleaf)
What is the difference between a motor neuron, sensory neuron and an interneuron?
How do nerves communicate with one another?
How does a neurotransmitter know what receptor to go to? Explain

2. Do Now (looseleaf)
How do neurotransmitters and hormones travel around the body?
Where are neurotransmitters and hormones secreted from?
How are neurotransmitters and hormones similar?
Using your knowledge, predict which system causes a change in your body faster (endocrine or nervous)

3. DO NOW #11
Finish early:
Work on Do Now #12

4. DO NOW
Complete section “G” on the back cover of your note packet (the one you received yesterday)

5. DO NOW
Complete (Section “E”)…one question Complete (Section “F”)…chart ON BACK OF NOTE PACKET

6. Endocrine System Glands, Hormones, Receptors,
Target Cell, Non-target Cell,
Negative Feedback

7. Endocrine System
How does the endocrine system help maintain homeostasis?
Controls and coordinates the body’s response to changes in the environment using hormones!
Is this the same function as the nervous system? Explain
Yes! Both perform REGULATION
So are the nervous and endocrine systems the same thing? Explain
Are you crazy? NO
Nervous system uses nerves and neurotransmitters
Endocrine system uses glands and hormones

8. What organs are in the endocrine system?
Glands
Synthesize and secrete hormones
What are hormones?
Hormones
Chemical signals secreted in one area of the body that affect other areas
Hormones are proteins with a specific shape
Travel in blood vessels
Allow body to RESPOND to CHANGE

9. How do hormones have a specific shape?
*Hormones are proteins!
Sequence of amino acids determines shape of proteins
So, how do hormones work?
Different glands secrete different hormones
Specific hormones are secreted into the blood and travel everywhere in the body!
Hormones only affect / attach to certain cells, called target cells
How do hormones know what cells to affect or deliver a message to?
Target cells recognize specific hormones because hormones have specific shapes that only fit in certain cell receptors!

10. Specific Hormones & Specific Receptors
Hormones and receptors fit together like a:
Lock and Key
Hormone
Target Cells
Can’t read
signal
Receptors
Secreting Cell
(Gland Cell)
Can’t read
signal
Non-target
Cells
Why?
Blood Vessel

11. Binding of a hormone to a receptor on the surface of its target cell causes…
A specific reaction
Lets take a look at the types of glands, hormones and the reactions they cause!

12. Glands of the Human Body

13. Pituitary Gland Also known as… The MASTER Gland Location - BRAIN
Hormone(s)
Target(s)
Function(s)
TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone)
Thyroid Gland
Causes Thyroid to secrete its hormone
Affects metabolism
FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone)
Ovaries / Testes
Stimulates sperm and egg development
Growth Hormone
Bones
Stimulates elongation of the bones

14. Thyroid Gland Location - Neck Hormone(s) Target(s) Function(s)
Thyroxine
Various Cells
Increases metabolism, digestion and energy levels

15. Adrenal Gland Location – Top of Kidneys Hormone(s) Target(s)
Function(s)
Epinephrine / Adrenaline
Heart
Blood Vessels
Skin
Muscles
Emergency Response
“Fight or Flight” Response

16. Pancreas Location – Behind Stomach Hormone(s) Target(s) Function(s)
Insulin
Body Cells
Especially Liver & Muscle Cells
Lowers blood sugar levels
Stores sugar in in liver and muscle cells as glycogen
Glucagon
Raises blood sugar levels
Stimulates the release of sugar stored in liver cells

17. Gonads – Testes & Ovaries
Hormone(s)
Target(s)
Function(s)
Estrogen & Progesterone
Ovaries & body cells
Influences development of female secondary sex characteristics
Testosterone
Testes & body cells
Influences development of male secondary sex characteristics

18. Type 2 Diabetes Type 1 Diabetes (insulin-dependent diabetes)
The body does not produce insulin.
Developed before 40th birthday, often in early adulthood or teenage years.
Only about 10% of all diabetes cases are type 1.
Patients with type 1 diabetes will need to take insulin injections for the rest of their life. They must also carrying out regular blood tests and following a special diet.
Type 2 Diabetes
Body does not produce enough insulin for proper function, or the cells in the body do not react to insulin (insulin resistance).

19. How is hormone production regulated?
Hormones are NEVER released at a constant rate!
Example:
Growth Hormone – If released at a constant rate…
You would be a GIANT!! (Gigantism)
Hormones are released based upon…
The needs of the body

20. The mechanism that alters (stimulates or stops) the activity of a gland is usually an example of a
FEEDBACK MECHANISM
Example:
Heating your home using a thermostat
If the home is cool, you raise the heat, thermostat, to 70⁰F and the home begins to warm up
What happens when 70⁰F has been reached?
The heat will shut off because 70⁰F was reached!
The heat will turn back on when the temperature is below 70⁰F

21. How does the process of Feedback work in your body?
When is your blood glucose level low?
When is your blood glucose level high?
Low blood glucose usually happens when you do not eat for a while or when you workout and use the available sugar in your blood. This will lower your blood sugar, stimulus, and your pancreas will secrete glucagon to get the liver and muscle cells to release sugar into the blood. This will STOP your blood sugar from going down and increase your blood-sugar level to normal (homeostasis).
High blood glucose usually happens after you eat, especially carbohydrates and sugary foods. Your blood sugar goes up (stimulus) and your pancreas will secrete insulin to store the glucose in the liver and muscle cells as glycogen. This will drop the blood sugar level down to normal (homeostasis).

22. Both Positive & Negative Feedback helps to…
Types of Feedback:
Positive Feedback –
Negative Feedback –
Both Positive & Negative Feedback helps to…
hormone secretion continues
hormone secretion STOPS
Maintain Homeostasis
Positive Feedback… excretion of waste, birthing a baby

23. Are you ready?
If liver cells usually have 100 insulin receptors each, and they dropped down to only 50 each, what would happen?
Draw a neurotransmitter that would attach to this receptor:

24. Type 2 Diabetes Type 1 Diabetes (insulin-dependent diabetes)
The body does not produce insulin.
Developed before 40th birthday, often in early adulthood or teenage years.
Only about 10% of all diabetes cases are type 1.
Patients with type 1 diabetes will need to take insulin injections for the rest of their life. They must also carrying out regular blood tests and following a special diet.
Type 2 Diabetes
Body does not produce enough insulin for proper function, or the cells in the body do not react to insulin (insulin resistance).

25. What is happening in this picture?

26. Blood pH lowers
What happens next in this feedback process?

27. Lets compare the Nervous and Endocrine Systems

29. Review