1. Water and Sanitation in Emergencies

2. Why focus on water and sanitation?
Preventative Health

3. Common Diseases related to WatSan
Diarrhoea (common, acute, bloody/mucus, cholera, typhoid)
Bilharzia, Hepatitis, river blindness
Worm infestations, scabies, other skin diseases, trachoma
Malaria, Dengue, yellow fever
Parasite infestations, bubonic plague, Hemorrhagic fevers
Danger of contamination from medical waste
Danger of contamination from dead bodies
Water stress/civil unrest from lack of adequate & equitable distribution

4. Causes of Death in Emergencies (Worldwide)
Diarrhoeal Diseases
Trauma (Injury)
Measles
Malnutrition
Malaria
Acute Respiratory Infections (ARI)
This slide demonstrates the spiral relationship between malnutrition and infection; inadequate dietary intake leads to weight loss, lowered immunity and mucosal changes. This affects the incidence, duration and severity of many diseases, particularly diarrhoea or dysentery, which in turn may lead to appetite loss, nutrient loss and malabsorption further exacerbating malnutrition. So, be aware, communicable disease indicators have important interactions with indicators in other sectors: such as nutrition. water and sanitation, etc. 2

5. Transmission of diarrhoeal diseases
Hand-to-mouth disease: dysentery
Water borne disease: cholera
The infectious agents that cause diarrhoea are usually spread by the faecal-oral route, which includes the ingestion of faecally contaminated water or food, person-to-person transmission, and direct contact with infected faeces
Cholera is perhaps the most waterborne of all diarrhoeal diseases. Although food-borne outbreaks are typically less widespread and occur less rapidly than waterborne outbreaks, food has been observed to be the main route of transmission for several recent outbreaks.
Because the infective dose of shigella species is low, hand-to-mouth or person-to-person transmission is more likely than with many other water-borne diseases. Several epidemiological studies have also linked shigella transmission to flies. 2

7. How do We Prevent Diarrhoeal Disease?
Primary sanitary barriers
Toilets
Hand-washing (critical times)
Water treatment and water handling
Food hygiene

8. Water Unsafe water kills 6,000 children every day (1/15 sec)
1 Billion people lack a basic water supply
Only live 3 days without drinking water
Lack of water supply denies all people of dignity, energy and time.

9. Sanitation & Hygiene
2.4 billion people or 2/5 of the world’s population
Simple act of washing hands with soap and
water can reduce diarrhoeal disease by 1/3
Hygiene related illness cost developing
countries 5 billion working days per yr.

10. “WatSan” Sector Water Supply Sanitation Hygiene Promotion
Vector Control
Solid Waste Management
Drainage

11. Water Supply

12. Sanitation

13. Health and hygiene Promotion

14. Vector Control

15. Solid Waste Management

16. Drainage