1. Preserve Design  Habitat modification has fragmented natural areas into isolated patches.  Stewardship of remaining habitat is crucial.  the 1st preserves were hunting reserves for royalty.  America’s 1st preserves were created as geologic attractions: Yosemite, Grand Canyon, Yellowstone  Many preserves do not effectively capture critical biotic regions.  Generally, preserves are marginal lands.

2. Considerations in Preserve Design: the New Paradigm of Disequilibrium A unit of nature is not easily conserved in isolation from it’s surroundings. Reserves will not maintain themselves in a stable, balanced configuration Reserves may incur disturbances.

3. More Considerations in Preserve Design ecological systems are not internally self-regulating as reserves become smaller disturbances may become destructive. should preserves disrupt the cultures of indigenous peoples? ecological Processes W/I a preserve may be threatened by land uses surrounding the preserve. reserves should be as large as possible; recall the species area relationship.

4. Minimum Dynamic Area Reserve size should be based on the smallest area with a complete, natural disturbance regime. Inhabitants must be able to move among similar patches.