1. Commercial Revolution As the World Turns or Day in the lives of Europeans of the 1600’s

2. Time of Confusion and Flux Why???? Put on a time line: Tension mount as secular issues seem to take over Reformation: 95 thesis, Burning of Papal Bull, Peasant Rebellion, Henry’s act of supremacy, Calvin in Geneva, Peace of Augsburg Catholic Response: Council of Trent, Jesuits Philip’s Crusade: War against Netherlands, War against Moslems, War against England War of 3 Henry’s, St Bartholomew’s Day Mass., Henry Guise and Henry III Valois are murdered, Henry IV Bourbon takes over, Paris, Edict of Nantes, Henry IV killed, Thirty years War: Start 1618, 4 phrases, Treaty of Westphalia

3. Themes to help you make connections Religious wars ended with Treaty of Westphalia Increasingly secular issues drive national rivalries: dynastic rivalries, economics Domestic scene: struggle between new monarchy, old landed aristocracy, new nobility and new dynamic middle class –Strangely the new monarchy wants to consolidate his power, centralize it and uses absolutism as a method against the landed aristocracy who wants to keep their old powers from the medieval period

4. Commercial Revolution Transformation of the economy of Europe from agrarian and rural to commercial, industrial and urban based Occurred over a long period of time— 17 th century or 1600’s at the same time as the last of the religious wars and the rise of absolutism

5. Commercial Revolution Starts with the explorations Leads to increase in world trade and new goods: shift of economic power from the Mediterranean sea to the Atlantic Influx of gold leads to inflation but increase in population causes demand to increase pushing up prices. Hurts the Aristocracy: income from land, fixed, hard to find new sources, enclosed their lands, forces tenets off land, population shifts Growing significance of Middle class: new entrepreneurs, independent of the guilds, capitalists, expansion of commercial interests

6. Middle class befriended the monarchy Other social effects; slavery, migration overseas, spread of European culture Need for colonies: outlet for population, raw materials, revenue for the king, leads to trade wars, conflicts on the continent spread to the colonies (world wars) Charters: monarchy issued monopolies to charter companies that were owned by stock holders who wanted a profit. Domestic system or putting out system or cottage system

7. Mercantilism or Bullionism Price revolution: slow gradual rise in prices, debasing of currency, flow of gold new world, rise of capitalism, new trade in commodities and luxuries Labor force separate from ownership unlike the earlier guilds, Tariff walls, and subsidized exports

8. Rural Peasants Small yeoman or independent farmer Peasants: sharecroppers etc.

9. Aristocracy Noblese de sword: or old aristocrcy Noblese de robe: or new nobility Used enclosure to cope with loss of income due to inflation and set rents

10. Bourgeoise or Middle class Haute bourgeoise vs. petite bourgeoise Urban Professionals allies of the new monarchy Increased dynamically in 1600 due to commerce—money economy

11. Lower classes in urban areas Unskilled uneducated urban poor Wage earners: day workers

12. Impact of the Commercal Revolution Price revolution: inflation Changing trade practices and institutions: capitalism, Joint stock companies, entrpreneurship, charters, Mercantialism, banking, insurance industry, new commodities etc. Leads to new social patterns and interaction Affects on education Affects on agriculture: enclosure, rural poor, new crops, life expectancy

13. Economic changes impact the social scene look at Hogarth, Reynolds, Gainsborough, Chardin, Rembrandt, Hals, Leyster, Vermeer Food Dress Homes Furniture Leisure time activities Manners Education and language Health

14. Social Changes with the reformation Luther stressed: –Importance of education for both men and women –Changing role for women: wife mother and partner in business –New divorce laws –Later marriages: men late 20’s, women early 20’s –Nuclear family not extended family

15. Calvin –Elect –Importance of education –Intolerance –Theocracy –Morality legislated by the church

16. Other gender issues Frequent remarriages for men Increase in premarital sex Increase in #illegitimate children Wet nurses for elite ranks Children 8 to 13 apprenticeships, school, domestic servants

17. William Hogarth English Commentary on –social –Economic –political life in late 17th century

18. arrested

19. Apprehended

20. Artists

21. Bedlam

24. Beer Alley

25. Gin Alley

26. Convassing the voters

27. House of Commons

28. Enraged

29. Party

30. Foundlings

31. Funeral

32. Gaming

33. Heir from Rakes Progress

34. The Heir Marries

35. Operas

36. Prison

37. Spinners

38. Looms Pre industrial England

39. Tavern

40. Toilet

41. Enraged

42. Ancien Regime Old Regime 1600’s and 1700’s Prior to French Revolution

43. Characteristics Aristocratic elite: old legal privileges, tax exempt, political privileges, socially elite Urban centers : guilds declining, new middle class trying to show economic status, wants to be accepted with elite Rural Peasants high taxes and feudal dues

44. Importance of Tradition Hierarchy and Privilege very visible

45. Boucher

46. Chardin

51. Gainsborough